2/4 & 2/5 ~ Origins of the Cold War

1. 2/4 & 2/5 ~ Origins of the Cold War Icebreaker ~ Primary Source Analysis: Answer the following sample Paper I Questions on a SEPARATE sheet of paper!!!! Reminder: INTERNAL ASSESSMENT DUE 2/13 & 2/14 2 HARD COPIES, 1 EMAILED TO ME

2. The Origins of the Cold War According to this cartoon, how did the Cold War start?

3. What is a Cold War??? • Term used to describe the tension between the USA & USSR between 1945 & & 1991. Term was popularized by US journalist Walter Lippmann in 1946-1947 • 50 year struggle between two rival states – US vs. USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) and their allies: West vs. East…2 remaining superpowers after WWII • The two main protagonist never actually fought each other directly (did drive economic & foreign policy) • Contest developed between the two (not always scene as a contest between equals)

4. Cold War Long Term Overview • 1941 – 45: Co-operation in WWII ~ USA & USSR work together to defeat Germany • 1946 – 53: The First Cold War ~ disagreements between USA & USSR over Germany & E. Europe and the developing nuclear arms race lead to growing tensions • 1954 – 68: Fluctuating Relations: Relations between the two superpowers go through a period of antagonism and retreat • 1969 – 79: Détente: Period in which the USA & USSR reach several agreements in an effort to avoid a war • 1979 – 85: Second Cold War: Relations decline again over developments in the Developing World and nuclear weapons although a stalemate is reached • 1985 – 91 Final Stages of the Cold War: A New period of co-operation, ending with the break – up of the Soviet Union

5. Origins of the Cold War • Coexistence with other political & social system was impossible • Intense Arms Race • Ally themselves with regimes and movements that went along with their stated political ideology and beliefs • Intense Propaganda ~ West depict USSR as a totalitarian equivalent of Nazi Germany while USSR painted capitalism as warmongering system

7. Rivalry between economic & political rivals but attempts at détente (thaw) • A retreat from the all out arms race • Repeated public calls for peace • A pursuit of agreed levels of armament (limits set on the arms race) • Greater tolerance of the other social order, and more accurate info. • Agreements on the Developing World & Europe • Attempts by the West to extricate itself from developing confrontations in Developing World • Looser emigration controls on the Eastern Bloc

8. The Rival Camps ~ Political & Military Alliances • NATO ~ North Atlantic Treaty Organization – Military alliance organized by the West in response to the perceived threat from the Soviet Union, following its takeover of E. Europe • Warsaw Pact – This was the defensive military alliance formed six years after the formation of NATO. Established after W. Germany was allowed to join NATO & rearm in 1955. This alarmed the USSR prompting an alliance with its satellite states in E. Europe

9. Iron Curtain • Term used to describe the boundary between cap capitalist W. Europe and communist E. Europe. As the Cold War intensified, the frontiers – especially in Germany – became physical & visible to both sides

10. Hot War & Third World • ‘Hot War was avoided between US & USSR but both sides were keen to establish alliances • Third World ~ First used to describe those countries in the Americas, Asia, & Africa that were economically underdeveloped. • First World ~ economically advanced, capitalist states in Europe & US • Second World ~ Mainly E. Europe in the communist block

11. Features / Reasons of Cold War • Russian Menace ~ Russian expansionism & Soviet communism, which west struggled to contain • US Imperialism ~ US spreading capitalism around the world and willing to use military force to achieve objectives • West – West Conflict Theory ~ US used Soviet Union as a smokescreen to place blame for problems and US need to “help” and develop W. Europe, Japan, & Asia to prevent these areas to falling under the ‘evil empire’

12. Features / Reasons of Cold War • Historic conflict between capitalism & communism • Superpower Theory • US ~ economy grew during WWII and was a global superpower • USSR ~ despite advances under Stalin during the 1930’s country was set back by Nazi invasion during WWII - Regional Superpower • Arms Race- Nuclear Weapons • North – South Divide ~ series of conflicts between US & USSR over control of weaker countries

13. Ideals of Capitalism & Communism • Capitalism • Business privately owned & run by individuals, families or companies • Not restricted by state • Free competition • Wealth created by companies & wealthy individuals will create new jobs & trickle down to benefit the poorer sections of society • Communism • Classless society • Equal chances & opportunity • Most important parts of economy should be controlled by state or local councils

14. Cold War & United Nations • Roosevelt & Churchill signed the Atlantic Charter in 19141 prior to US entry into WWII & desired a organization to replace the League of Nations = United Nations • During Cold War both superpowers used their place in UN Security Council (US, USSR, Britain, China, & France) & their allies in the General Assembly to block decisions they didn’t like, and to protect their allies

15. Truman Doctrine (Containment) • Containment: U.S policy to stop the spread of Communism • Truman Doctrine • Gave economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey • New national security organizations set-up • CIA • NSC (National Security Council)

16. The Marshall Plan • George Marshall (Secretary of State) • Economic assistance to rebuild • Economic Recovery Program (ERP) • Offered to all nations in Europe • Grants and loans • Eastern nations EXCEPT Czechoslovakia rejected loansSoviets replaced Czech govt. • Viewed as “dollar imperialism”

17. Exit Card • What were 3 origins of the Cold War? • Define NATO • Define Warsaw Pact • What was US policy toward Communism? • What was the Marshall Plan? • What was the Truman Doctrine?