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16 th and 17 th

16 th and 17 th. Julie Ludwig Elizabeth Obi Tim Davidson Gahl Saffar. Progressive Era. Social to political movement Rejected Social Darwinism Eliminate political corruption 1890-1920 urban society Women suffrage, prohibition, and educational reforms

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16 th and 17 th

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  1. 16th and 17th Julie Ludwig Elizabeth Obi Tim Davidson GahlSaffar

  2. Progressive Era • Social to political movement • Rejected Social Darwinism • Eliminate political corruption • 1890-1920 urban society • Women suffrage, prohibition, and educational reforms • Urban- based and middle class movement • Supporters were political leaders, educators, women, black activists

  3. 16th amendment • “The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.”

  4. 16th • Federal Income Tax • 1913 • Expanded scope of federal taxing • Only affected 1% of population and 1% per net income • Instituted because govt. needed money (army, roads, bridges) • Did not have to share this money with states • Western states supported this and northern states did not want it

  5. Brushaber v. Union Pacific • Upheld the validly of Revenue Act of 1913 • Imposed income taxes that were not apportioned to states population • Enact pursuant to Sixteenth Amendment

  6. Pollock v. Farmer’s Loan and Trust Co. • Imposed taxes on personal income • Unapportioned income tax imposed by Income Tax of 1894 were direct taxes (unconstitutional) • Direct taxes must be apportioned among states in proportion to their representation in Congress

  7. Modern Uses of 16th amendment • Business expenses are deductable • April 15th following the tax year is the last day individuals can file tax reforms • Married people can file for taxes as a couple • Higher income= higher tax • Ex. Single and making $8926-$36250 you will be taxed 15%

  8. 17th amendment • “The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.”

  9. 17th • Before it was passed, state would appoint senators • This allowed for direct election of U.S. Senators • Senator from Idaho, William Borah, supported this amendment • State officials did not support this because they no longer had complete control over senators • Lots of bribery in state legislature, now it’s fair with people choosing senators

  10. Judge v. Quinn • President Obama left. • State appointed Senator Quinn. • Unconstitutional

  11. Modern Uses of 17th amendment • Commercials

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