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Adolescent Psychology

Chapter 9, Lecture 2: Romantic Relationships. Adolescent Psychology. Childhood groups differ from adolescent groups Cliques & crowds are types of adolescent groups Development Isolated – unisexual – early mixed sex – fully mixed sex – crowd disintegration – couples

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Adolescent Psychology

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  1. Chapter 9, Lecture 2: Romantic Relationships Adolescent Psychology

  2. Childhood groups differ from adolescent groups • Cliques & crowds are types of adolescent groups • Development • Isolated – unisexual – early mixed sex – fully mixed sex – crowd disintegration – couples • Group membership (crowd or clique) • Affiliation, self-esteem, support • Identity (temporary); try on roles (maturity, shifting groups) • Groups & Gender • Boys: bigger groups, competition, risk taking • Girl: intimacy oriented, interpersonal relationships Groups, Cliques, & Crowds…

  3. What crowd were you a part of in H.S.? What cliques do you remember? Best friend? Sex? What did you talk about? Do? What was dating like in junior high? H.S.? Peer rejection? Did you belong to youth organizations? Class Discussion

  4. Dating: a relatively recent phenomenon • 1920s • select & win a mate • evolved into more than just courtship for marriage Functions of Dating (today) • Recreation • Source of status & achievement • Part of the socialization process • Involves learning about intimacy • Context for sexual experimentation & exploration • Provides companionship • Identity formation & development • A means of mate sorting & selection Dating & Romantic RElaitonships

  5. Help or hinder identity development? Groups & informal setting more comfortable 1st dates: 14-16 years of age; by 16 90% have dated 50% have romantic relationships by 10th grade 11th/12th grade females spend 10x as many hours with boys than in 5th/6th grade Developmental process

  6. Individuals spent more time thinking about the opposite sex than they actually spent with them • By 11th & 12th grade -- more time spent in their actual presence than thinking about them • Recently, researchers have begun to study romantic relationships in gay male, lesbian, & bisexual youth (Diamond & Savin-Williams, 2003). Romantic Relationships: Developmental Process

  7. Emotions vary – mood swings • A concern is that in some cases the negative emotions are too intense & prolonged; can lead to adjustment problems • Romantic love vs affectionate love • Risk factors: attachment hx, loss of parent, divorce, siblings, peer rejection • Dating & Adjustment • Dissolution of a Romantic Relationship Emotional Adjustment & Dating

  8. Being in love when love is not returned can lead to: • Depression • Obsessive thoughts • Sexual dysfunction • Inability to work effectively • Difficulty in making new friends • Self-condemnation. • Thinking clearly in such relationships is often difficult, because the person is so colored by arousing emotions. Breaking up

  9. Dissolution of a Romantic Relationship • Studies of romantic breakups have mainly focused on their negative aspects (Frazier & Cooke, 1993; Kato, 2005; Kurdek, 1997). • Few studies have examined the possibility that a romantic breakup might lead to positive changes (Sbarra & Ferrer, 2006). Breaking Up

  10. Romantic Love • passionate love or “eros” • Strong sexual & infatuation components • early part of a love relationship • Extremely important among college students • Affectionate love • companionate love • adult love • What love type do you display? What is Love? – Love “Types”

  11. Relationships vary • Gender differences in motivation coming into the dating experience? • Candice Feiring (1996) found that they did. • Girls -- describe romance in terms of interpersonal qualities • Boys in terms of physical attraction • Dating scripts: the cognitive models that adolescents & adults use to guide/evaluate dating interactions • Male: proactive • Female: reactive • Sociocultural context exerts a powerful influence on adolescent dating patterns & on mate selection (Booth, 2002; Stevenson & Zusho, 2002). Gender, Culture, & Ethnicity

  12. Psychological, sexual, & emotional abuse • 8 - 30% -- physical violence • 10 – 18% -- sexually victimized by dating partner • Risk factors: • Risk taking (drug abuse/ early sex) – victimization • Family violence • Friends of victims • Depression • Endorsing traditional gender roles • Early dating • How can we prevent teen dating violence? Teen Dating violence

  13. Single • Increasing percentage • Stereotypes:“Swinging single”;“Desperately lonely”;“Suicidal” • Advantages: • Time to make decisions about one’s life course • Time to develop personal resources to meet goals • Freedom to make autonomous decisions • Pursue one’s own schedule & interests • Opportunities to explore new places & new things • Privacy Lifestyles In Emerging Adulthood

  14. Cohabiting Adults • Living together in a sexual relationship w/o being married • Has undergone considerable changes in recent years (Poponoe & Whitehead, 2006). • Many couples view their cohabitation not as a precursor to marriage but as an ongoing lifestyle. • Less than 1 out of 10 lasts 5 years. • Researchers have found a higher rate of domestic violence among cohabiting couples than in married couples (Kenney & McLanahan, 2006). Lifestyles in Emerging adulthood

  15. Married Adults • Until about 1930, stable marriage was widely accepted as the endpoint of adult development. • Personal fulfillment both inside & outside marriage has emerged as a goal that competes with marital stability Marital Trends • Marriage rates in the United States have declined • More adults are remaining single longer today • Average duration of a marriage in the U.S. is currently just over 9 years Lifestyles in Emerging Adulthood

  16. Epidemic in the United States (Fine & Harvey, 2006). Disadvantaged groups have a higher incidence of divorce. Youthful marriage, low educational level, low income, not having a religious affiliation, having parents who are divorced, & having a baby before marriage are associated with increases in divorce (Poponoe & Whitehead, 2006; Rodriques, Hall, & Fincham, 2006). Usually between 5th & 10th year. (National Center for Health Statistics, 2000). Loneliness, diminished self-esteem, anxiety about the unknowns in their lives, & difficulty in forming satisfactory new intimate relationships Difficulty trusting – most common Lifestyles: Divorce

  17. The legal & social context -- marriage • Relationships are similar—in their satisfactions, loves, joys, & conflicts—to heterosexual relationships (Hyde & DeLamater, 2006; Kurdek, 2006; Oswald & Clausell, 2005; Peplau & Fingerhut, 2007). • Need to find the balance of romantic love, affection, autonomy, & equality that is acceptable to both partners (Kurdek, 2003). • Lesbian couples -- high priority on equality in their relationships (Kurdek, 1995) • “Open” relationships • Long-term committed relationships • Common misconceptions • Masculinity & Femininity within coupleship • Number of sexual partners Lifestyles: Gay Males & Lesbian Relationships

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