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REPRODUCTION

REPRODUCTION . Female Reproductive System. Ovaries Two organs that produce eggs Size of almond 30,000-40,000 eggs Eggs can live for 12-24 hours. Hormones. Produced by the ovaries Estrogen Develops secondary sex characteristics Progesterone

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REPRODUCTION

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  1. REPRODUCTION

  2. Female Reproductive System • Ovaries • Two organs that produce eggs • Size of almond • 30,000-40,000 eggs • Eggs can live for 12-24 hours

  3. Hormones • Produced by the ovaries • Estrogen • Develops secondary sex characteristics • Progesterone • Stimulates the uterus to prepare for a fertilized egg

  4. Fallopian Tubes • Connect ovary to uterus • Site of fertilization of egg by sperm

  5. Fertilization

  6. Implantation

  7. Menstrual Cycle • Occurs every 28 days • Preparation for fertilized egg • Endometrium expands thickens • If the egg is not fertilized, the endometrial lining sheds, bleeding occurs, this is your period • Ovulation occurs 13-15 days before the first day of your menstrual blood flow

  8. Premenstrual SyndromePMS • Hormonal imbalance • Afflicts 40-70% of women at some time in their lives • Symptoms appear mid-cycle after ovulation, peak the week before your period

  9. PMS • Symtoms • Bloating • Breast tenderness • Cramping • Headache • Fatigue • Mood swings • Irritability • Anxiety • Sleep disturbances • Difficulty concentrating

  10. PMS • PMS dsyphoria disorder (PMDD)-severe derangement of mood • Relief from PMS • Regular exercise stimulates endorphins • Decrease salt intake • Small frequent meals • Avoid alcohol, tobacco, caffeine

  11. Female Reproductive Problems • Irregular periods • Less then 18 days apart or more then 42 days apart • May be rectified with hormonal supplements • Difficult to conceive with irregular periods • Blockage of fallopian tube • Endometriosis • Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus

  12. Endometriosis

  13. Endometriosis

  14. Male Reproductive System • Sperm produced in testes • Starts at puberty and continues to death • Produce approx 200 million/day • Ejaculate 200-500 million sperm

  15. Sperm made in seminiferous tubules • Travel to epididymis to mature

  16. Sperm exit through vas deferens • Semen produced in prostate gland, seminal glands, cowpers glands • Sperm only 5% of ejaculation • Sperm can live 5-7 days

  17. Male Reproductive System • Infertility • Related to quantity and quality of sperm • Low sperm count • Inability of sperm to move • Structural abnormalities of sperm • Decreased vitamin C intake may damage DNA of sperm • Aspirin in regular doses decrease sperm mobility

  18. Pregnancy • First sign is a missed period • May have breast tenderness, irritability • Morning sickness • Diagnosed by blood or urine test looking for HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) hormone released during pregnancy

  19. Prenatal Care • Starts in first trimester • Check blood sugar, anemia, VDRL, • Toxemia or hypertension of pregnancy • RH factor • Mother is Rh negative and the child is Rh postitive • Rhogam • Ultrasound • To monitor fetal developement • AFP-alpha fetal protein • Genetic counseling • To determine the likelihood of having a child with a genetic disorder

  20. Amniocentesis • Amniotic fluid removed • Cells examined for abnormalities Down Syndrome and Spina Bifida

  21. Down Syndrome

  22. Down Syndrome

  23. Spina Bifida

  24. Spina Bifida

  25. Prenatal Care • Teenage mothers • Immature bodies compete for nutrients with fetus • Higher incidence of premature babies • Immunizations • Rubella • STD • Smoking • Low birth weight babies • Hyperactive and irritable babies • Higher incidence of still born and miscarriages

  26. Prenatal Care • Alcohol • Babies developmentally delayed, retarded, physical defects • Avoid illegal drugs • Avoid OTC drugs • Prenatal vitamins • Folic acid • Calcium • Obesity • Increased rates of spina bifida, ancephaly

  27. Miscarriage/Spontaneous Abortion • May be defective egg or sperm • Embryo abnormal or not correctly implanted • Usually first trimester but may be later

  28. Childbirth • Many times the first sign of impending childbirth is contractions and the bag of water breaking • Cervix must thin before the child is born • Dilation • Sized of opening • Effaced • Thinning of cervix

  29. Childbirth • Episiotomy • Surgical incision made between vaginal opening and anus • Anesthesia • Epidural • Natural childbirth • lamaze • C-section • Electively for herpes or breech birth • Emergently for problems with baby

  30. Childbirth

  31. C-Section

  32. Infertility • Inability to conceive after 1-2 years of unprotected sex • Approx 40% due to male infertility, 40% due to female infertility, 10% due to combo and 10% unknown • Approx 45,000 babies born in US with assisted reproduction • Success rates affected by the age of the mother if her eggs are used • 37% successful if under 35 yrs • 4% successful in over 42 yrs

  33. Artificial Insemination • Sperm donation or sperm aspiration

  34. In Vitro Fertilization • Sperm and egg combined in the lab, fertilization • Zygote placed back into the uterus • Very expensive and not always successful • Oldest woman in the US to give birth using in vitro was 62 years old and an Romanian woman gave birth at 66

  35. In Vitro Fertilization

  36. Infertility • Surrogate mother • Woman unable to have children may have IVF in another woman who has the child • Fertility drugs

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