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Chapter 18: The Senses

Chapter 18: The Senses. Chapter Objectives. Role of the sensory system. Ear and the eye; the function of each part. The pathway of nerve impulses from the ear to the brain. Roles of the retina and the optic nerve in vision. Word parts pertaining to the senses.

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Chapter 18: The Senses

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  1. Chapter 18: The Senses

  2. Chapter Objectives • Role of the sensory system. • Ear and the eye; the function of each part. • The pathway of nerve impulses from the ear to the brain. • Roles of the retina and the optic nerve in vision. • Word parts pertaining to the senses. • Main disorders pertaining to the ear and the eye. • Abbreviations used in the study of the ear and the eye.

  3. Key TermsThe SensesNormal Structure and Function

  4. General Senses • Distributed throughout body • Pain • Touch • Pressure • Temperature • Proprioception

  5. Special Senses • Located within complex sense organs • Gustation = sense of taste • Olfaction = sense of smell • Hearing • Equilibrium • Vision

  6. Suffixes Pertaining to the Senses

  7. Key TermsThe EarNormal Structure and Function

  8. Key TermsThe EarNormal Structure and Function (cont’d)

  9. Key TermsThe EarNormal Structure and Function (cont’d)

  10. Key TermsThe Ear - Disorders

  11. Key TermsThe Ear – Disorders (cont’d)

  12. Key TermsThe Ear - Treatment

  13. Supplementary TermsThe EarNormal Structure and Function

  14. Supplementary TermsThe EarSymptoms and Conditions

  15. Supplementary TermsThe EarDiagnosis and Treatment

  16. AbbreviationsThe Ear

  17. AbbreviationsThe Ear (cont’d)

  18. The Ear

  19. The Ear • Used for both hearing and equilibrium • Divided into three parts • Outer ear • Middle ear • Inner ear

  20. The Ear (cont’d) • Outer ear • Pinna (auricle) • External auditory canal (meatus) • Contains cerumen (earwax) • Tympanic membrane (eardrum) • Transmits sound waves to middle ear

  21. The Ear (cont’d) • Middle ear • Houses three ossicles • Malleus (hammer) • Incus (anvil) • Stapes (stirrup) • Sound waves are transmitted from footplate of stapes • Eustachian tube • Connects middle ear to nasopharynx • Equalizes pressure between outer and middle ear

  22. The Ear (cont’d) • Inner ear • Complex labyrinth shape • Filled with fluid • Contains cochlea • Organ of Corti

  23. The Ear (cont’d) Inner ear (cont’d) • Vestibular apparatus • Sense of equilibrium • Semicircular canals • Vestibulocochlear nerve • Cochlear branch transmits hearing impulses • Vestibular branch transmits equilibrium impulses

  24. Roots Pertaining to the Ear and Hearing

  25. Roots Pertaining to the Ear and Hearing (cont’d)

  26. Hearing Loss • Sensorineural hearing loss • Damage to eighth cranial nerve or central auditory pathway • Caused by: heredity, toxins, exposure to loud noises, aging process • Treatment: cochlear implant

  27. Hearing Loss (cont’d) • Conductive hearing loss • Results from blockage in sound transmission to inner ear • Causes: obstruction, severe infection, fixation of middle ear ossicles • Usually treated successfully

  28. Otitis • Inflammation of the ear • Otitis media = infection leading to accumulation of fluid in middle ear • Causes • Obstruction of eustachian tube • Spreading infection • Treatment • Antibiotics • Myringotomy

  29. Otitis (cont’d) • Otitis externa = Inflammation of external auditory canal • Also known as “swimmer’s ear” • Caused by: • Fungus • Bacterium • Common among: • People living in hot climates • Swimmers

  30. Otosclerosis • Deterioration of bony structure of inner ear • Stapes unable to vibrate • Causes conductive hearing loss • Underlying cause unknown • Treatment • Stapedectomy • Stapes removed • Prosthetic bone inserted

  31. Ménière Disease • Involves production and circulation of inner ear fluid • Symptoms • Vertigo (dizziness) • Hearing loss • Tinnitus (ringing in ears) • Pressure • Treatment • Drugs (to treat nausea and dizziness) • Severe cases • Inner ear or eighth cranial nerve destroyed surgically

  32. Acoustic Neuroma • Tumor arising from neurilemma of eighth cranial nerve • Presses on surrounding nerve • Interferes with blood supply • Symptoms • Tinnitus • Dizziness • Progressive hearing loss • Other symptoms as brainstem and other cranial nerves become affected • Treatment • Surgical removal

  33. Key TermsThe EyeNormal Structure and Function

  34. Key TermsThe EyeNormal Structure and Function (cont’d)

  35. Key TermsThe EyeNormal Structure and Function (cont’d)

  36. Key TermsThe EyeNormal Structure and Function (cont’d)

  37. Key TermsThe EyeDisorders

  38. Key TermsThe EyeDisorders (cont’d)

  39. Supplementary TermsThe EyeNormal Structure and Function

  40. Supplementary TermsThe EyeSymptoms and Conditions

  41. Supplementary TermsThe EyeSymptoms and Conditions (cont’d)

  42. Supplementary TermsThe EyeSymptoms and Conditions (cont’d)

  43. Supplementary TermsThe EyeSymptoms and Conditions (cont’d)

  44. Supplementary TermsThe EyeDiagnosis and Treatment

  45. Supplementary TermsThe EyeDiagnosis and Treatment (cont’d)

  46. AbbreviationsThe Eye

  47. AbbreviationsThe Eye (cont’d)

  48. The Eye and Vision • The eye has three layers • Sclera • Uvea • Retina

  49. The Eye and Vision (cont’d) • Sclera • Outermost layer • Known as “White of the eye” • Extends over front of eye as transparent cornea

  50. The Eye and Vision (cont’d) • Uvea • Middle, vascular layer • Consists of: • Choroid • Ciliary body • Muscle controls shape of lens • Allows for accommodation • Iris • Muscular ring • Controls size of pupil • Determines eye color

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