U.S. History

1. U.S. History Periods 1, 3, 5 Weber

2. Activator: Sammy Sosa Skin Lightening Controversy at the Latin Grammy’s • Without talking write a quick response to the above pictures linking it to our study. • What is the difference between these images and the ones of OJ on the next slide?

3. Media and Racism: Time Magazine darkened OJ’s mug shot…

4. Agenda • Activator, agenda, and objective (5 minutes) • Understanding prejudice reactions (15 minutes) • Benchmark data: crunching the numbers and goal setting (30 minutes). • Exit ticket and homework (5 minutes)

5. Understanding Prejudice Reactions Take out your 1-2 page reflections on racism in the 1920s and today. Who would like to volunteer to read their essay? • Going quickly round the room just give us one to two sentence reaction to your visit to understandingprejudice.org. • Try to make it clear that you remember specifics from the baseline survey, slide tour of prejudice, and test for bias.

6. Benchmark Data • Looking at your individual score report identify your 3 best and your 3 worst standards. • 1. Recopy your strongest and weakest standards. • 2. Why do you think you did well on the standards you did? Be specific… • 3. Why do you think you did not do so well and the ones you did not do well on? Be specific… • 4. What specific things can you do to relearn what you did not understand from your weak standards? • 5. What do you think are the specific reasons for you achieving the score you did?

7. Benchmark Test Corrections • Find an actual benchmark test. • Looking through it identify the questions you think you got wrong and the questions you think you got right (make sure it lines up with the total number you got right/wrong) • Copy the question into your notebook. • Pair with someone to discuss questions you are uncertain of and use your notes to find the correct answers. • Write the correct answers for at least as many questions as you got wrong in your notebook.

8. Exit ticket and homework • Exit ticket: • What was the most important thing you remember reading about the 1920s from last class. • Homework: • Research one of the following organizations and bring in written evidence of your findings. • Marcus Garvey Back to Africa Movement • ACLU • NAACP

9. APUSH Periods 2 and 6

10. Activator • How long did it take you to write the DBQ last night? • How often did you have to refer back to the textbook reading? • Do you know what the following terms mean and how they relate to the time period? • Nullification • Jacksonian Democracy • Sectionalism • Second National Bank (or Bank Wars) • Democratic Party • Whig Party

11. Agenda • Activator, agenda, and objective (10 minutes) • Jacksonian Democracy review questions (10 minutes). • Review of Chapter 10 and/or reading Chapter 11 independent catch up time (30 minutes) • Exit ticket and homework (5 minutes) • [Chapter 10 outline lecture if you want/time permits]

12. Objective • AP Topic # 7: • The Transformation of Politics in Antebellum America • Emergence of the second party system • Federal authority and its opponents: judicial federalism, the Bank War, tariff controversy, and states’ rights debates • Jacksonian democracy and its successes and limitations

13. Jacksonian Democracy Review Questions (Ch. 10) • 1. How did John Quincy Adams envision the United States becoming the “mightiest nation in the world?” • 2. What was the difference between Democrats and Whigs in terms of their understanding of the relationship between freedom and governmental power? • 3. What were the main arguments for and against Indian removal? • 4. How did the Missouri Compromise and the nullification crisis demonstrate increasing sectional differences in antebellum America?

14. Catch Up Time • We start a new unit Tuesday. • You have 30 minutes of independent work time to catch up with the reading. • You may work on chapter 10 or chapter 11 but use your time effectively.

15. Exit ticket and homework • Exit ticket: Turn in your DBQ on Jacksonian Democracy. • Homework: We will be starting Unit 3 on “Slavery, Freedom and the Crisis of Union” on Tuesday. • Read the introduction to Part 3, pp.386-389. • Read Ch.11, pp.390-413 for Tuesday • Read Ch.11, pp.413-425 for Thursday

16. Ch. 10 lecture (For review time permitting)

17. I. Triumph of democracy • Elimination of property qualifications for voting • Enfranchisement of wage-earning men • Popular pressures behind • Uneven pace of, state by state • Dorr War

18. I. Triumph of democracy (cont’d) • Elements of democracy • Mass participation in politics • Liveliness of the public sphere • Democracy as “habit of the heart” (Alexis de Tocqueville) • Democracy as hallmark of American freedom • Democratic ideal as radical departure in Western thought • Boundaries of the political nation • Inclusion of laboring white men, immigrants • Exclusion of women, non-whites • Shift in criteria from economic status to natural capacity

19. Triumph of democracy (cont’d) • Information revolution • Manifestations • Mass circulation of “penny press” • Variety of popular publications • “Alternative” newspapers • Contributing factors • New printing technologies • Low postal rates • Rise of political party organizations • New style of journalism

20. Triumph of democracy (cont’d) • Women and public sphere • Areas of involvement • Areas of exclusion • Racial democracy • Growing equation of democracy and whiteness • Rise of racist stereotypes • Contraction of black rights

21. Nationalism and its discontents • The American System • Underlying vision • Enhancement of nation’s financial, transportation, and manufacturing sectors • Active role of federal government • Leading architects • Henry Clay • John C. Calhoun • Precursors • Congressional approval of National Road • Gallatin plan for federal road and canal construction

22. Nationalism and its discontents (cont’d) • The American System • 1815 blueprint • National bank • Tariff on imported manufactured goods • “Internal improvements” (road and canals) • Outcome • Enactment of tariff • Chartering of Second Bank of the United States (“Bank”) • Veto of internal improvements

23. Nationalism and its discontents (cont’d) • Functions and mission of Bank • Panic of 1819 • Causes • Post-war speculative fever • Markets for American cotton and grain • Land boom in West • Easy credit from local banks and Bank • Ebbing demand for American exports, land • Material repercussions • Mass bankruptcy • Rising unemployment • Political repercussions • Growing popular distrust of banks • State measures to protect debtors, challenge Bank • McCulloch v. Maryland

24. Nationalism and its discontents (cont’d) • Missouri controversy • Narrative • Missouri quest for statehood • Tallmadge proposal limiting slavery • Stalemate • First Missouri Compromise • Dual admission of Missouri and Maine • Prohibition of slavery above 36°30' • Second Missouri Compromise • Significance • Sectional conflict amid “Era of Good Feelings” • Harbinger of future crises over slavery

25. Nation, section, and party • Monroe Doctrine • Background • Latin American rebellions against Spanish colonial rule • Establishment of independent Latin American nations • Principles • No further European colonization in Americas • Noninterference by European powers in Latin American republics • Noninvolvement of United States in European wars • Motivations

26. Nation, section, and party (cont’d) • Election of 1824 • Candidates and their constituencies • Andrew Jackson • John Quincy Adams • William H. Crawford • Henry Clay 2. Outcome • Attainment by Jackson of first place in popular vote • Attainment by Adams of electoral vote majority (in House) • Charges of “corrupt bargain” between Adams and Clay

27. Nation, section, and party (cont’d) • Presidency of Adams • Background on Adams • Vision for nation • Domestic • American System • Activist national state • Foreign • Dynamic commerce around world • U.S. hegemony in Western Hemisphere • Achievements • Acceleration of internal • Increase in tariff

28. Nation, section, and party (cont’d) • Gathering Jacksonian challenge • Themes • Individual liberty • States’ rights • Limited government • Mobilization of Democratic party • Martin Van Buren’s approach to party politics • Quest for revived Jeffersonian coalition • Election of 1828 • Old politics (Adams) vs. new politics (Jackson) • Scurrilous campaigning • Jackson’s victory • Affirmation of a new American politics

29. Age of Jackson • Contradictions of Andrew Jackson • New mode of politics • Political contests as public spectacle, mass entertainment • Politicians as popular heroes • The party machine • Source of jobs for constituents • Mobilizer of voter turnout • “Spoils system” • National party conventions • Party newspapers

30. Age of Jackson (cont’d) • The Democratic party • Agenda and philosophy • Concern over gulf between social classes • Aversion to federal promotion of economic development, “special interests” • Vision of broad access to self-regulating market • Belief in limits on federal power • Counterposing of “producing classes” and “non-producers” • Individual morality as private concern

31. Age of Jackson (cont’d) • The Democratic party • Bases of support • Farmers remote from markets • Urban workers • Aspiring entrepreneurs • Catholic and immigrants • South and West

32. Age of Jackson (cont’d) • The Whig party • Agenda and philosophy • Receptiveness to hierarchy of social classes • Federal promotion of economic development; “American System” • Individual morality as public concern • Bases of support • Established businessmen and bankers • Market-oriented farmers • Large planters • Evangelical Protestants • Northeast

33. Age of Jackson (cont’d) • Nullification crisis • Growing concern of southern planters over national authority • 1828 “tariff of abominations” • Emergence of “nullification” threat • South Carolina planter elite • Vice President Calhoun • “States’ rights” vs. “liberty and union” • Climax and resolution • 1832 tariff • Repudiation by South Carolina • Enactment of Force Bill by Congress • Engineering of compromise by Clay

34. Age of Jackson (cont’d) • Indian removal • Ongoing displacement • 1832 defeat of Black Hawk in Old Northwest (Illinois) • 1820s expulsion of Indians from Missouri • 1830 Indian Removal Act • Provision for removal of “Five Civilized Tribes” from southern states • Support from Jackson • Implications • Repudiation of Jeffersonian idea of assimilation • Rebuff of Indian efforts to assimilate

35. IV. Age of Jackson (cont’d) • Indian removal • 1830 Indian Removal Act • Cherokee appeals to Congress, courts • Mixed response from Supreme Court • Johnson v. M’Intosh • Cherokee Nation v. Georgia • Worcester v. Georgia • Jackson defiance of Supreme Court • Trail of Tears

36. Age of Jackson (cont’d) • Indian removal • Responses of remaining southern tribes • Widespread acquiescence, voluntary departure • Resistance by Seminoles • Leadership of Osceola • Assistance from fugitive slaves • Second Seminole War • William Apess’s A Son of the Forest • Receding of Indian presence east of the Mississippi

37. Age of Jackson (cont’d) • Bank War • Background • Bank as controversial symbol of market revolution • Nicholas Biddle and the Bank • View of Bank as union of political authority and economic privilege • Jackson vs. Bank • 1832 bill extending Bank charter • Veto by Jackson • Significance • Populist themes of veto message • Affirmation of presidential power

38. Age of Jackson (cont’d) • Bank War • Aftermath • Sweeping reelection of Jackson • Gradual death of Bank • Shift of government funds to local banks • Victory of “soft-money” over “hard-money” Jacksonians • “Pet banks” • Expansion of paper currency • Speculative boom • Decline in real wages

39. Post-Jackson era • Panic of 1837 and subsequent depression • Causes • Specie Circular • Bank of England demand for repayment in gold or silver • Economic downturn in Britain • Material repercussions • Business failures • Farmers’ loss of land • Urban unemployment • Collapse of labor movement • Defaults on state debts

40. Post-Jackson era • Economic policy under Van Buren administration • Ascendancy of hard-money Democrats • Shift of government funds from pet banks to Independent Treasury • Split within Democratic party • Election of 1840 • Fragmenting of Democratic coalition • Maturation of Whig party • Adoption of Democratic party methods of organization • Nomination of William Henry Harrison • “Log Cabin” campaign • Harrison’s defeat of Van Buren • Death of Harrison

41. Post-Jackson era • Presidency of John Tyler • Veto of Whig’s American System program • Whig repudiation of Tyler • Weakness of Tyler without party backing