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NEW IMPERIALISM: MOTIVES AND TACTICS Nineteenth-Century Empires

NEW IMPERIALISM: MOTIVES AND TACTICS Nineteenth-Century Empires. SUPERQUIZ Section II 13 questions – 32.5%. pp. 33-39. The Birth of the Liberal Empire The Decline of the Mercantile Colonial World External Challenges The Antislavery Movement in Europe The Influence of the Enlightenment

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NEW IMPERIALISM: MOTIVES AND TACTICS Nineteenth-Century Empires

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  1. NEW IMPERIALISM: MOTIVES AND TACTICSNineteenth-Century Empires SUPERQUIZ Section II 13 questions – 32.5%

  2. pp. 33-39 • The Birth of the Liberal Empire • The Decline of the Mercantile Colonial World • External Challenges • The Antislavery Movement in Europe • The Influence of the Enlightenment • The Free-Trade Lobby • The End of European Slavery • New Sources of Colonial Legitimacy • The Growth of the Market Economy • Enlightenment Universalism • Cultural Relativism • The Case of Captain Cook • The Civilizing Mission in India • MACAULAY’SMINUTE

  3. Introduction: The old “empire” • Europeans amassed New World empires beginning in the 16th century with the _____________________ • __________________formed the backbone to the plantation economy that supported these • empires • ______________ (econ. Sys.)ruled the New World colonies • European states engaged in trade _____________ with their colonies • ____________formed a moral justification for these empires • _____________________saved the souls of “heathens” Spanish conquistadors African slave labor Mercantilism monopolies Religion Missionary Europeans

  4. Empire - version 2.0 • A ___________empire replaced the religious-mercantilist empire in the early 19th century • Europeans expanded their influence overseas during the first_____(fraction) of the _____century • This period saw very little outright European _____________________ liberal 2/3 19th colonization

  5. Europeans focused on Asia and Africa • Merchants, missionaries, entrepreneurs, and explorers largely abandoned ______________ • European governments followed their citizens, carving out ____________________ in Asia and Africa • This policy increasingly involved Europe in foreign politics the New World Spheres of influence

  6. Europeans focused on Asia and Africa • Europeans saw the potential of untapped _____________ in the non-Western world • Regions could also serve as new sources of ___________________ for the ever-growing European industrial economy • _____________________ and ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHY encouraged Europeans to bring the wonders of European civilization to new cultures markets raw materials Liberal universalism

  7. Version 3.0: “New” and improved? “New Imperialism” • ___________________appeared in the late 19th century • Competing European states engaged in aggressive__________________________ • Europe conquered almost the entirety of ____________ as well as most of __________ expansionism Africa Asia

  8. Version 3.0: “New” and improved? • Attitudes toward colonial subjects also shifted • __________________________and ________________________ influenced beliefs regarding culture and race • _______________ contributed to the development of biological determinism • These occurrences --undercut the liberal aims of the early 19th century Europeans --raised doubts regarding the feasibility of ____________________ non-European peoples Anticolonial insurgence biological determinism CharlesDarwin Westernizing

  9. Contradictions filled the dawn of the 20th century • This time represented the peak of Europe’s ______________________________ • Europeans also began contemplating the scope and future of empire global empire

  10. The Decline of the Old Empire…Overview In the late 18th and early 19th centuries these forces contributed to decline: • External forces: • Independence movements • Slave revolts • Internal Forces: • The rise of a market economy • cultural revolution spurred by the Enlightenment undercut the old empire’s foundations

  11. TIMELINE: MATCHING A • A. Hatian Revolution • B. The Great Trek – Afrikaners in South Africa • C. British abolition of slavery • D. Latin American Revolutions • E. Taiping Rebellion in China • F. British abolition of slave trade D F C B E

  12. TIMELINE: MATCHING C • A. Establishment of the Indian National Congress • B. The Berlin Conference • C. Indian Rebellion • D. Sino-Japanese War • E. Suez Canal opens • F. Darwin publishes Origin of the Species F E B A D

  13. TIMELINE: MATCHING B • A. Fashoda Crisis • B. Ethiopians defeat Italians at Adowa • C. Boer War • D. Russo-Japanese War • E. Boxer Rebellion (China) A C E D

  14. EXTERNAL CHALLENGES: Slave agitation Maroon • ______________: runaway slave who lived in an outlaw society in South America, the Caribbean, or Spanish Florida • __________________: sporadic guerilla warfare against local plantations in the late 18th and early 19th centuries • Slave revolts cropped up • from Dutch Surinam • to British Jamaica • in the second half of the 18th century • ____________________________: culmination in Saint-Domingue in 1791 Maroon Wars Haitian Revolution

  15. Independence movements threatened European power in the New World The American Revolution • ________________________kicked off these calls for independence • Many European powers lost control of their New World colonies from 1804 to 1824 • Haiti • known as ______________________ • gained independence from France • Portugal lost control of ______________ Saint-Domingue Brazil

  16. Latin America Spain Creole • Latin America captured its freedom from ___________ • ____________ • an American-born person of European descent • these elites led the Latin American independence movements • Spain held on to these two countires: • Cuba • Puerto Rico • Influences on Latin American independence movements • _________________________ thought • REVOLOUTIONS which served as examples: • the American Revolution • the French Revolution Enlightenment

  17. Internal problems: ANTISLAVERY MOVEMENT • Organized in what 2 countries? • France • the Netherlands • Strongest campaign where? • Britain • RELIGIOUS SENTIMENT accelerated influence • Newer forms of _______________________in the 18th century condemned slavery as a sin • _____________________ • Religious zealots argued that slavery ran counter to • brotherly love • Spiritual equality • Abolitionism spread to the RELIGIOUS MAINSTREAM EX.: group; notable parliamentary leader who joined = • Evangelicals • Parliamentary member William Wilberforce joined Protestantism QUAKERISM

  18. The Enlightenment contributed to the fall of the old empire • Philosophers previously justified slavery as a • rational • efficient social and economic system • ________________INTELLECTUAL CULTURE • John Locke condoned slavery in his 17th century arguments • critiqued arbitrary power, • appealed to rule by reason, and • championed natural and universal human rights • 18th and 19th century extensions by French jurist: • Baron Montesquieu HUMANIST

  19. Enlightenment universalism destabilized the acceptance of slavery • basic sameness of all humans • Compared oppressed Africans with • Disenfranchised Europeans • emphasis on the inner good undermined the European need to civilize enslaved peoples • Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s CULT OF …. • THE NOBLE SAVAGE • This work contrasted • the moral flaws of civilized Europeans with • the virtues of • THE “PRIMITIVE” • Slavery clashed with Enlightenment ideas such as the belief in the (3): • individual’s natural right to freedom, • equality before the law, and • ownership of one’s self and one’s labor

  20. PHILOSOPHY, RELIGION, & ROMANTICISM in the late 18th Century ROMANTICALLY- • _______________________oriented popular culture • Antislavery = fashionable among the European elite esp. • wealthy women • Religious emphasis on the goodness of humans • idea of a slave • as an innocent victim • the European • as a heroic savior • Popular primitivism raised the status of the slave in the public eye • Romantic poets attacked slavery and tyranny • Percy ByssheShelley • Robert Burns • William Wordsworth • The EUROPEAN RICH • joined abolitionist groups in the late 18th and early 19th centuries • signed antislavery petitions and • circulated images that exposed the cruelty of slavery

  21. The economic rationale • Merchants and industrialists reinforced anti-slavery sentiment • wanted to replace mercantile colonialism with _____________ ; eliminate ___________________between • mother countries • their colonies • early 19th century, European manufacturers objected to • European protective tariffs on foreign imports Barriers prevented domestic manufacturers from buying cheaper foreign goods • Consumers and manufacturers had to buy from either ____________or ______________________ • British _________ refiners felt exploited for being forced to buy high-priced Jamaican raw _________(same) Tariffs shielded the Jamaican _______ (same) producers from • Spanish producers in Cuba or • French producers in Saint-Domingue free trade protective tariffs colonial producers domestic sugar sugar sugar

  22. ECONOMIC THEORY & PRACTICE • THEORY: Enlightenment classical economists critiqued • the slave-based economy and • mercantilism as a whole • MERCANTILISM (according to Smith and Ricardo) • irrational and inefficient system • prevented people from pursuing their economic SELF-INTEREST • MARKET COMPETITION • bothrationalandnatural • Individualsreceived economic liberty and • the majoritybenefited from overall lower prices • Adam Smith rebuked • the inherent inefficiency of slave labor • lacked incentive to work hard and • could not be laid off in an economic slump • PRACTICE: • at the end of the 18th century: 2 col. = real-world evidence • HAITI • JAMAICA • Economic troubles in the West Indies in the early 19th century made the free trade claims • Merchant and industrial capitalists also experienced growing wealth and influence during this time period

  23. The end of European slavery • The combination of • religious fervor, • humanitarian sentiment, and • economic support for free markets led to the abolition of the European slave_________________ • ________________ first outlawed the slave trade in 1803 • _______________and _______________followed suit in 1807 • Britain embarked on an enthusiastic antislavery mission • searching ships suspected of carrying slave cargo as well as • saving slaves along the West African coast • These 4 countries agreed to abolish the slave trade in 1815 • Spain • Portugal • the Netherlands • France • But they did little to eliminate it in practice • ____________ • The British transported rescued slaves here • Freed American slaves helped to create this African settlement in 1821 trade Denmark The U.S. Britain Liberia

  24. 1st European Country to ABOLISHSLAVERY • _________: abolished slavery in 1834 • emancipated _____________ slaves in the West Indies • government paid ____________to slave owners to compensate for the lost property BRITAIN 780,000 £20 million

  25. Art Celebrates Abolition of Slavery in British Empire • Engraving by • DAVID LUCAS • Patterned after painting by • ALEXANDER RIPPINGILLE • Titled • “TO THE FRIENDS OF NEGRO EMANCIPATION”

  26. End of Slavery: Europe & New World • 1848: slavery abolished in these 2 countries: • France • Denmark • European slave trade essentially ended by • 1850 • Slavery persisted in the New World through the late 19th century • DATES - ABOLITION OF SLAVERY: • The Dutch New World : • the United States: • Spanish Cuba: • Brazil: • BUT…Freed slaves sometimes did not receive their due freedom until decades after emancipation 1863 1865 1886 1888

  27. The Rise of New Liberal Empire • The growth of • industrial capitalism • the market economy ushered in new ___________________rationale for empire • early 19th century - free-trade advocates • Wealth • influence • By the 1830s, the belief in • the individual pursuit of wealth • in a free, self-regulating market as natural and efficient became part of common sense • Economic practices occasionally contradicted this imperial __________ • 1830 to 1870, European powers competed for spheres of economic influence • This era constituted the peak era for economic liberalism • BUT… Europeans quickly abandoned _______________________when indigenous peoples and other Europeans threatened their own economic interests • ` economic rhetoric Free trade

  28. Enlightenment universalism reason • The application of _________to social reform was believed to cause human improvement • Ideas included the human biological and cultural ______________ • Pre-Enlightenment Europeans had emphasized the permanent between Europeans and Africans or ___________________cultures • 18th century philosophers preached the similarities among human societies sameness indigenous

  29. Enlightenment Science species • Enlightenment scientists assumed that the races of man belonged to a single _________ SWEDISH SCIENTIST FRENCH SCIENTIST __________________ ___________________________ attempted to classify the variety of human physical types Carolus Linnaeus Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon

  30. Enlightenment Science • Enlightened Europeans created the idea of a common developmental path for all societies • While some societies achieved a higher level of civilization than others, all societies occupied a position on this path • This belief encouraged the idea that societal change could not only occur but could be accelerated and guided through _____________________________ social intervention

  31. Cultural relativism Voltaire • 19th century Europeans = more skeptical of their supposed cultural superiority • A cultural relativism recognized the value of other societies • French Philosophe_________________ • admired ancient Chinese and Islamicciv. • English historian __________________ • respected Islam • Evangelical missionaries • preached Christian brotherhood • Jean-Jacques Rousseau • New World societies as models of virtue and freedom (cult of the NOBLE SAVAGE) • Many European cultural relativists • retained the idea of their own ________________ • recognized the accomplishments of other societies Edward Gibbon supremacy

  32. Captain James Cook’s South Pacific Expeditions • Illustrate the ideology of • the new liberal empire • Cook’s motives (2) • commercial • scientific • European • exploration • expansion

  33. Captain James Cook’s South Pacific Expeditions Pacific Ocean • ______________: the last frontier for Europeans • More than 20 (4 types of specialists) • botanists, • geographers, • ethnographers, and • scientific experts accompanied Cook • sought to the missing continent Europeans referred to as________________ TenaAustralis

  34. Morality of Liberal Empire Emerged in Cook’s Voyages • Justification for expansionism (2) • advancing science • further spreading civilization • Natives gained inherent rights through • _________________ DOCRTRINE • Cultural relativism made European explorers see the value in other societies • What respected BRIT. INSTITUTION The Royal Scientific Society • partially sponsored Cook’s South Seas voyage • cautioned Cook to treat local cultures with respect and dignity universalist

  35. King George III Hawaii • ________________authorized Cook to • establish British authority in ___________in 1779 • do so only with the explicit consent of natives • 2 main goals of colonizers in late 18th century • legitimize their claim as civilizers • reinforced their own identities, separating themselves from previous colonial brutality

  36. CIVILIZING INDIA India • Britain used ___________ as the testing ground for civilizing experiments in the early 19th century • Evangelical missionaries sought to eliminate Indian “_______________” and bring about religious enlightenment . NAME 2! • Charles Grant • William Wilberforce • 4 Secular liberal reformers sought to eliminate “________________” Indian laws and customs • James Mill • John Stuart Mill • Thomas Macaulay • Jeremy Bentham wanted to rid India of …. Oriental despotism wanted to introduce… British-style education superstition barbaric

  37. JOHN STUART MILL son of JAMES MILL

  38. John Stuart Mill on FREE SPEECH

  39. John Stuart Mill

  40. John Stuart Mill

  41. THOMAS MACAULAY European • Macaulay claimed that “a single shelf of a good _______________ library” trumped “the entire native literature of [2 countries] _______________________” • British education would cause Indians to have English (4) • opinions • morals • intellect • taste • Reformers held that the careful application of (3) • free trade, • education, and • law could bring Indians into the modern world India and Arabia

  42. Brits banned _____ SATI • custom of widow burning herself on the funeral pyre of her husband • British viewed custom as representative of 2 things: • Indian backwardness • the moral weakness of Indian men; supposedly degraded their women instead of protecting them

  43. The CivilizingMission: SATI • Title of engraving: • “The Burning System” • Date: • 1815 • One side: • Englishmen debating SATI • Other side: • musicians present for the funeral

  44. SATI • served as a key point in the public ______________reform campaign • Only certain groups of _______________ Hindus actually engaged in the practice liberal upper-caste

  45. The End of the Civilizing Mission • When? • 1857 • What? • The Indian Rebellion (Sepoy Rebellion) • Why? • Officials saw interference in Indian religion as one of the causes of the rebellion • Task of reform ceded to whom? • Indian social reformers

  46. Thomas Macaulay • Served as • a Law Member of the Governor General’s Council • The Briton lived from • 1800 to 1859 • Macaulay represents what voice? • the British liberal voice in India • Macaulay professed his belief that these 3 things • law, • free trade, • and education could transform “backward” societies such as India

  47. Orientalist Scholars & Administrators • early 19th century • opposed Macaulay’s ideas • believed that India should have been ruled • by its own ________________ • in its ______________________ laws indigenous languages

  48. Macaulay’s Minute on Indian Education • 1835 debate • Macaulay advocated teaching ___________ instead of Arabic or Sanskrit • ostensibly disseminated __________________and • strengthened ______________________in India • English became the language of education in secondary schools across India English moral values British rule

  49. Let’s Review:

  50. 2.01 JEOPARDY (pp. 33-35) • 1. In the nineteenth century, Europeans lost their Atlantic empires and built new ones here. • 1. Where were Asia and Africa?

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