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The Great Depression

Explore the turbulent times post-World War I with unstable democracies, financial collapse, global depression, confronting crises, socialist governments, and the rise of fascism in Italy and Germany.

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The Great Depression

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  1. The Great Depression

  2. Postwar Europe • Unstable new democracies • Absolute rulers had been overthrown • Too many political parties • Very indecisive • Authoritarian rule was being missed

  3. The Weimar Republic • New German government • Serious weaknesses • No tradition of democracy • Too many parties • Blame for the war and humiliation • Inflation • Didn’t increase taxes during the war • Printed money for debts • Dawes plan lent 200 billion dollars to help slow German inflation

  4. Financial Collapse • Flawed Economy • Overproduction vs. under consumption • Unpaid debts • Stock Market Crash • 1929 October 29, “Black Tuesday” • Investors lost everything • Unemployment rose • 1932, factory production got cut in half

  5. Global Depression • Americans withdrew their money from investments in Europe • High tariffs were placed on imported goods • Everything backfired

  6. Confronting the Crisis • The British • Elected a multiparty coalition “National Government” • Passed high tariffs • Increased taxes • Regulated currency • Slow but steady recovery • The French • More self sufficient than other countries • Heavily agricultural • Was able to preserve democracy even after failed attempts by various coalition groups

  7. Socialist Governments • Cooperative community action • massive public works projects • Raised pensions • Taxed all citizens • United States • New Deal • Public works • Financial help • Welfare and relief programs • Regulations on banking and the stock market

  8. Fascism Rises in Europe Fascism: militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader

  9. Fascism’s Rise in Italy • Mussolini • Upset over Paris Peace Conference • Depression led to social unrest • Democratic government seemed helpless • Benito Mussolini promised to restore the economy and strengthen the armed forces • October 1922, 30,000 fascists marched on Rome and demanded Mussolini be put in charge

  10. Il Duce’s Leadership • Il Duce (the leader) • Abolished democracy and outlawed all political parties except the Fascists • Secret police • Government censors

  11. Hitler Rises • Twice awarded the Iron Cross in WWI • Nazis • Wanted to overturn the Versailles Treaty • Miltlia, brown shirts • Was chosen as Fuhrer or the leader • Wanted to regain land • Depression led citizens to Hitler

  12. Hitler Becomes Chancellor • Turned Germany into a totalitarian state • Banned or imprisoned opponents • The Gestapo • Nazis took control of the economy • Outlawed strikes • Dissolved unions • Government control of business and labor • Constructed factories, built highways, manufactured weapons and served in the military

  13. Fuhrer is Supreme • Wanted control over every aspect of German life • Propaganda • Hitler Youth or League of German Girls

  14. War on the Jews • Hatred of Jews; Nazi ideology • Jews were used as scapegoats • Violence mounted • Kristallnacht “Night of the Broken Glass” • Mobs attacked Jews in their homes and on the streets and destroyed thousands of Jewish owned buildings • Started process of eliminating Jews from German life

  15. Other Countries Fall to Dictators • Hungary in 1919, Admiral Miklos Horthy • Poland 1926, Marshal Jozef Pilsudski • Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, and Romanian kings turned to stronger ruling

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