Joint and Combined Operations

1. Peacekeeping FailedStates Non-State Actors Information Security Joint and Combined Operations Transnational Actors

2. Future Security Landscape Demographics • Record highspopulationsin developing countries • Unprecedented crisis of aging in industrialized world Economic • Income gaps widen, resentment of US • Imposition of trade/capital controls • Use of oil or other commodities as weapons Resources • Petroleum sources lie in unstable regions • Water availability, Food Distribution concerns Political • Poor Governance and income inequality Technology • Spread of WMD, Information Technology • Biotechnology, Miniaturization

3. FailedStates Future Strategic Environment • Greater Economic/Political/Social Disparities • Religious and ethnic intolerance/rise of religious fundamentalism/militant tribalism & nationalism • Greater regional cooperation/integration/organization • Transnational drug trafficking & other criminal activities • Ilegal immigration • Failing States; Environmental Disasters • Mass Migration, Refugees • Global Transmission of Diseases • Global Urbanization aggravated by demographic shifts, immigration and labor flows

4. Future Strategic Environment • Catastrophic Terrorism by States and Non-State & Transnational Groups, and individual actors • WMD & Missile Proliferation among States and non-state actors • Strategic Information Warfare; exploitation of NGOs, mass media • Battlespace expansion into U.S. homeland, Outer-space & Cyberspace • Potential of Major War Remains; overlapping Regional Conflicts • Full Range of Military Operations

5. Potential Future Adversary Capabilities • Ballistic and Land Attack Cruise Missiles • Submarines, Anti-Ship Cruise Missiles and Mines • Weapons of Mass Destruction (Bio, Chemical, Nuclear) • Advanced surface-to-air missiles and anti-air artillery • Concealment and deception • Hardened Underground Facilities • Information Disruption & Exploitation • Counter Space weapons

6. Potential Future Adversary Strategies • Terrorism, Atrocities, & WMD • Asymmetries; Surprise U.S. Intelligence • Counter-access to region of conflict • Deny deployment and embarkation • Counter US airpower superiority; deny precision targeting and attack • Counter Will; conduct Misinformation and Human Exploitation; WMD Threats, Protracted Conflict • Counter Infrastructure; Disrupt or Directly Attack information, transportation, energy, communications

7. Shifts in the Security Environment • The migration of conflict. • The primacy of ad hoc military coalitions. • A new political currency measuring the contributions of coalition partners. • An amplification of the anti-access/area denial problems. • The ability of adversaries to undermine the threat and use of force.

8. Future Nature of Warfare • Smart and adaptive enemies • Asymmetric, cyber & space attacks • Terrorism or use of WMD against US or allied Homelands • Greater likelihood of urban operations • Cross-cultural/cross-civilization conflicts marked by dissimilar warfighting philosophies/perspectives • Compression of operational cycles, tempo & levels of war • Multiple shifting coalitions;Increased multinational/interagency interoperability challenges xxx

9. RANGE OF MILITARY OPERATIONS Involving Use/ Threat of Force Not Involving Use/ Threat of Force MOOTW MOOTW WAR NUCLEAR WARFARE CONVENTIONAL WARFARE FORCIBLE ENTRY; STRIKES; RAIDS UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE INFORMATION OPERATIONS NONCOMBATANT EVACUATION OPERATIONS; RECOVERY OPERATIONS LINE OF COMMUNICATIONS PROTECTION COMBATTING TERRORISM HOMELAND SECURITY HOMELAND DEFENSE: NATIONAL LAND DEFENSE; NATIONAL MARITIME DEFENSE; NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE DEFENSE; CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION CIVIL SUPPORT: CONSEQUENCE MANAGEMENT; MILITARY SUPPORT TO CIVIL AUTHORITY; MILITARY ASSISTANCE FOR CIVIL DISTURBANCES; DOD SUPPORT TO COUNTER DRUG OPS FOREIGN CONSEQUENCE MANAGEMENT; FOREIGN HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE COUNTERPROLIFERATION SANCTION ENFORCEMENT SUPPORT TO COUNTERINSURGENCY; SUPPORT TO INSURGENCY FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION OPERATIONS PEACE ENFORCEMENT SHOW OF FORCE PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS SECURITY COOPERATION ACTIVITIES NATION ASSISTANCE: SECURITY ASSISTANCE; FOREIGN INTERNAL DEFENSE; HUMAN & CIV ASSIST ARMS CONTROL; MILITARY CONTACTS MULTI-NATIONAL EX, TR, ED NORMAL AND ROUTINE MILITARY ACTIVITIES

10. Questions • How do you deal with this? • As a nation • As a military • What’s most important? • How do we allocate our resources? • What kind of stuff do we buy and where do we put it? • How do we use it?

11. Agenda • Strategic Planning • National Defense Strategy • National Military Strategy • Quadrennial Defense Review • Transformation

12. Linking Strategy to Operations From the President… • National Security Strategy • National Interests, Goals & Priorities • Integrating Instruments of National Power • National SecurityDirectives Geo-Political/Geo-Economic Space National DefenseStrategy • Strategic Context & Assumptions • Strategic Objectives • Implementation Guidelines Political-Military Space • National MilitaryStrategy • Military Objectives • Missions, Tasks & Endstates • Desired Capabilities & Attributes Military-Operational Space • Joint Operations • Joint Doctrine • Joint Concepts • Joint Force Management • Joint Plans US Government Battle Space DoD Armed Forces Joint Warfighting ... to the Private

13. National Defense Strategy DOD’S APPROACH FOR EXECUTING THE NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

14. National Defense Strategy Secure the U.S. from direct attack Secure strategic access and retain freedom of action Strengthen alliances and partnerships to contend with common challenges Establish security conditions conducive to a favorable international order Evolutionary Document • Aspects retained from the 2001 strategy include: • Emphasis on surprise and uncertainty • Key defense activities: Assure, Dissuade, Deter, Defeat • Key implementation guidelines: Capabilities-based approach and transformation, integrated risk management • 2005 aspects include: • Strategic objectives • New capability emphases: • Strengthening intelligence • Improving proficiency against irregular challenges • Increasing capabilities of international and interagency partners • Implementation guidelines: Active, layered defense (National Military Strategy) in response to security challenges

15. National Defense Strategy • Irregular • Non-state and state actors employing “unconventional” methods to counter stronger state opponents—terrorism, insurgency, etc. (erode our power) (e.g., terrorism, insurgency, civil war, and emerging concepts like “unrestricted warfare”) • Likelihood: very high; strategy of the weak • Vulnerability: moderate, if not effectively checked. Higher • Catastrophic • Terrorist or rogue state employment of WMD or methods producing WMD-like effects against American interests. (paralyze our power) (e.g., attack on homeland, global markets, or key ally that would generate a state of shock and preclude normal behavior) • Likelihood: moderate and increasing • Vulnerability: unacceptable, single event can alter our way of life VULNERABILITY Lower Higher • Traditional • States employing military forces in well- known forms of military competition and conflict. (challenge our power) (e.g., conventional air, sea, and land forces, and nuclear forces of established nuclear powers) • Likelihood: currently decreasing due to historic capability-overmatch and expanding qualitative lead • Vulnerability: low, but only if transformation is balanced • Disruptive • Competitors employing technology or methods that might counter or cancel our current military advantages. (capsize our power) (e.g., technological – bio, cyber, or space war, ultra miniaturization, directed-energy, other – diplomatic blackmail, cultural or economic war) • Likelihood: low, but time works against U.S. • Vulnerability: strategic surprise puts American security at risk Lower LIKELIHOOD Security Challenges

16. National Defense Strategy Key Assumptions • Our Strengths • Resilient network of alliances and partnerships • No peer competitor & unmatched in traditional military capability • Important advantages in other elements of national power • Global influence • Political and economic stability • Our Vulnerabilities • Global security challenges will exceed our capacity to address them effectively alone • Our leading position in the world will continue to breed unease, resentment, and resistance • We and our allies will be principal targets of extremism and terrorism • Natural forces of inertia and resistance to change will constrain military transformation • Our Opportunities • Prospect for a new & peaceful international system • Positive developments in Iraq and Afghanistan will enhance our influence and credibility • Problem states will increasingly be vulnerable to the forces of positive political and economic change • Many of our key partners welcome a deepening of our security relationships • New international partners are seeking integration into our system of alliances and partnerships • Our Challenges • Competitors and enemies—state and non-state • Key international actors may choose strategic paths contrary to the interests of the U.S. • Adverse political change in friendly states • Crises related to political stability and governance • Internationally threats will be perceived differently and consensus may be difficult to achieve

17. National Defense Strategy Winning the War on Terrorism The United States will help to create and lead a broad international effort to deny terrorist extremist networks what they require to operate and survive. • To that end, the U.S. will: • Protect the American homeland • Disrupt and attack terrorist networks • Counter ideological support for terrorism • The U.S. and its allies and partners will exploit eight terrorist vulnerabilities: • Ideological support • Leadership • Foot soldiers • Safe havens • Weapons, including WMD • Funds • Communications and movement • Access to targets

18. National Defense Strategy Implementation Guidelines • Active, layered defense: • Continuous transformation: • Capabilities-based planning: Transformation (Process) Planning Environment Active, Layered Defense (Military Strategy) Integrated Risk Management (Decision Making) Capabilities Based Approach (Planning and Ops)

19. National Military Strategy ARMED FORCES’ APPROACH FOR EXECUTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE STRATEGY

20. National Military Strategy Executing the Strategy Objectives Missions Tasks / Capabilities (Illustrative) • Defend against Air and Missile Threats • Conduct Maritime Interdiction Operations • Conduct Persistent Surveillance • Protect Critical Infrastructure (CIP) • Provide Support to Civil Authorities and Consequence Management • Intelligence Sharing • Counter threats close to their source • Protecting strategic approaches • Defensive actions at home • Support to civil authorities and consequence management • Creating a global anti-terrorism environment Protect the United States—Active Defense in Depth • Deter Forward • Conduct Global Strike (GS) • Exercise Flexible Deterrent Options (FDOs) • Conduct Preemptive Strikes (When Directed) • Conduct Security Cooperation Activities • Establish Favorable Security Conditions • Strategic Lift • Prevent WMD attacks • Strategic Communication • Credible Global Deterrent Prevent Conflict and Surprise Attack • Forward posture and presence • Promote security • Deterring aggression • Prevent surprise attacks • Eliminate safe havens • Preempt in self-defense • War on Terrorism • Operation Iraqi Freedom • Operation Enduring Freedom • Named OPLANs/CONPLANs Prevail Against Adversaries • Swiftly defeat adversaries in overlapping campaigns • Win decisively to achieve more enduring results • Conduct post-conflict stability and • reconstruction operations

21. National Military Strategy Principles and Attributes • Principles – agility, decisiveness, integration • Support simultaneous operations, application of overmatching power, and fusion of military capabilities with other instruments of power. • Stress speed, allowing commanders to exploit an enemy’s vulnerabilities, rapidly seize the initiative, and achieve end-states. • Support the concept of surging capabilities from widely dispersed locations to mass precise and decisive effects. • Guide the development of joint doctrine, operations concepts, and capabilities. • Desired attributes of the joint force: • Fully integrated • Expeditionary • Networked • Decentralized • Capable of full-spectrum dominance • Continuously transforming to ensure continued military superiority • Adaptable • Decision-superior • Lethal

22. National Military Strategy Linking Strategy to Operations National Goal (NSS) Strengthen Alliances An example of the linkages from one NSS Goal to applicable components of the National Defense and Military Strategies, and joint concepts Defense Objective (NDS) Strengthen Alliances & Partnerships Defense Activity (NDS) Assure Joint Operating Concepts (JOCs) Military Objectives (NMS) Military Mission (NMS) • Homeland Defense • Global Deterrence • MCO • Stability Operations • Protect Strategic Approaches Protect the Homeland • Interagency Coord. • Security Cooperation • Shaping • Adopt Fwd Posture • Promote Security • Prevent Surprise Attack Prevent Conflict & Surprise Attack WHY ------------------------------------------► WHAT ----► HOW

23. Who supports What? Today & Tomorrow Strategic Direction Yesterday & Today Integrated at Department Joint Operations Concepts (JOpsC) Systems Joint Operating Concepts (JOC) Joint Functional Concepts (JFC) Requirements Joint Integrating Concepts (JIC) Capabilities Bottom up, stovepiped Service Transformation Roadmaps and Concepts

24. The Joint World

25. Service POMs Joint Doctrine Service Doctrine CoCom War Plans Security Cooperation Plans Major Processes Planning, Programming and Budgeting Strategic Planning Guidance MAR 04 Joint Programming Guidance JUN 04 JPD OCT 99 CPA NOV 04 CPR MAY 04 Strategy IPL Unified Command Plan With POTUS JAN 05 Operational Concepts National Defense Strategy Outline in SPG MAR 04 National Military Strategy MAY 04 JOpsC NOV 03 National Security Strategy SEP 02 NMSP-WOT OCT 02 Operations Planning Strategic Assessment Contingency Planning Guidance JUN 02 JSCP OCT 02 JSCP-NDEC 04 Joint Strategy Review MAY 04 Chairman’s Risk Assessment MAY 04 Posture Security Cooperation Guidance APR 03 Global Force Management

26. Central Challenge Win the War on Terrorism Maintain Quality of Force Joint Warfighting Sustain Global Commitments Transform to Ensure Military Superiority Maintain Strategic Balance

27. Quadrennial Defense Review DOD’S CAPSTONE STRATEGIC PLANNING ACTIVITY

28. What is a QDR? • The QDR’s principal purpose is to balance strategy with resources • Develops strategic planning guidance for the Defense Department • Lays out an agenda for developing needed capabilities and shaping the future force • Takes a 20-year outlook • Submitted to Congress with President’s FY07 budget

29. 2nd Term Planning Guidance National Security Strategy Department-wide Planning Guidance National Defense Strategy National Military Strategy Strategic Context Quadrennial Defense Review Terms of Reference Organizational Operational Resource Contingency Planning Capabilities Planning Unified Command Plan Security Cooperation Program Review-POM Transformation Planning Budget Global Force Posture Base Realignment & Closure

30. Periods of Fundamental Change 1930s 1950s 1980s 2000+ • How to prepare for war with Japan? • How to prepare for a conflict in Europe? • How to develop new military technologies during the Depression /defense budget constraints? • How to fight in the time, place, and manner of our choosing in the atomic age? • How to leverage new nuclear “genie”? • How to employ “trip wires”? • How to reposture globally for the Cold War? • How to roll-back Communist expansion in the 3rd world? • How to impose costs on USSR in terms of technology? • How to restore the military balance on the Central European Front? • How do we build partnerships to defeat terrorist extremism? • How do we defend the homeland in-depth? • How do we shape the choices of countries arriving at strategic crossroads? • How do we prevent the acquisition or use of WMD by hostile state or non-state actors? Challenges New Concepts of Warfare • Amphibious warfare • Carrier aviation • Combined arms / mechanized warfare • Strategic bombing “New Look” Strategy • Doctrine of massive retaliation • Nuclear Triad (USAF, USN) • Pentomic Army • Nuclear-capable tactical aircraft (USAF, USN) • NRO Reagan Doctrine • Competitive strategies • SDI • Maritime Strategy, horizontal escalation • Stealth / precision / technology • AirLand Battle • SOF capabilities Transformation • Capabilities Mix • Joint Capability Enablers • Roles, Missions & Organizations • Business Practices • Human Capital Strategy • Authorities Responses

31. Fiscal Realities The cyclic pattern in defense spending may continue 18 yrs 18 yrs 18 yrs 550 Korean War Discretionary Spending Caps 500 Reagan Buildup Vietnam War 450 End of Cold War DoD Budget Authority (FY02 $B) 400 ? 3 yr draw down 13 yr draw down 7 yr draw down 350 9/11 300 USSR in Afghanistan, Iran Hostages 250 Real DoD Growth Rate, 1955 – 2002 = 0.4% 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Increasing Pressure on Top Line and Rise in Non-Discretionary

32. QDR Terms of Reference Four Core Problems Centerpiece of QDR effort will be assessments of DoD’s wherewithal to address four core problems: • Build partnerships to defeat terrorist extremism • Defend the homeland in-depth • Shape the choices of countries at strategic crossroads • Prevent the acquisition or use of WMD by hostile state or non-state actors

33. QDR Terms of Reference Guiding Principles • Foster a structured, open and transparent competition of ideas during the Department’s deliberations • Draw upon lessons learned from Operations ENDURING FREEDOM and IRAQI FREEDOM • Identify approaches and capabilities to: • Prevent strategic surprise • Decrease decision cycles • Increase the speed of operational actions • Enhance agility of the force • Balance near-term operational demands with longer-term challenges and opportunities

34. QDR Terms of Reference Guiding Principles (cont’d) • Treat the Department’s force planning construct as a QDR output rather than an input • Develop executable guidance as issues mature during the QDR, then follow through with execution roadmaps • Account for fiscal constraints: Generate resource-neutral recommendations for adjustments in programs and force structure

35. QDR Terms of Reference Strategic Context Policy Goals • Assure allies and friends • Dissuade potential adversaries • Deter aggression and counter coercion • Defeat adversaries Mature & Emerging Challenges • Catastrophic • Irregular • Disruptive • Traditional Trends • The United States and its allies and partners • Governance problems in many parts of the world • Rise of global terrorist networks, fueled by Islamist extremism • Increasing threats to the homeland • Great powers in the international system • Regional WMD concerns Key Strategic Challenges Irregular Catastrophic Higher Non - state and state actors q Terrorist or rogue state q employing “unconventional” employment of WMD or methods to counter stronger methods producing WMD - like state opponents -- terrorism, effects against American insurgency, etc. (erode our power) interests (paralyze our power) VULNERABILITY . Lower Higher Traditional Disruptive States employing military Competitors employing q q forces in well - known forms of technology or methods that military competition and might counter or cancel our current military advantages conflict (challenge our power) Lower (capsize our power) LIKELIHOOD

36. QDR Terms of Reference Implementation Guidelines • Active, layered defense • Defending the U.S. and projecting U.S. military power • Strengthening alliances and partnerships • Continuous transformation: Adapting defense establishment to new way of thinking about challenges and opportunities • Capabilities-based approach: Focusing on how adversaries may challenge us rather than on whom those adversaries might be or where we might face them • Integrated management of risks • Operational • Future challenges • Force management • Institutional

37. Transformation FUTURE JOINT AND COMBINED OPERATIONS

38. Transformation Transforming Defense The Emerging American Military: • More expeditionary (lighter, more lethal) • More networked (more interoperability below the JTF level) • Designed to leverage the exterior positions (precision from distance as sensors move in) • Leverages increasingly persistent ISR • Tighter sensor-shooter timelines (sensing, C2, fly-out) • Values Information Superiority (information operations) • Focused on unmanned capabilities (UAV, UCAV, UUV, robotics)

39. Transformation Changing Ways of Warfare • An “order of magnitude” increase in battlefield situational awareness. • A move from deliberate to adaptive planning, and the concomitant execution of dynamic military operations. • A dramatic decline in US causalities compared with previous conflicts. • An increasing emphasis on extended range operations. • The diminishing role of heavy ground forces.

40. Transformation Technological Enhancements • The increase dominance of precision weapons. • The increasing quantity and quality of sensors and their integration into systems and networks. • The increasing importance of stealth aircraft and electronic countermeasures. • The increase use and utility of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).

41. Transformation U. S. Military Transformation Goals • Protect the U. S. homeland and bases overseas • Project and sustain power in distant theaters • Deny our enemies sanctuary, make sure they know that nowhere are they protected from our reach • Protect our information networks from attack • Use information technology to link up different kinds of U.S. Forces so they can fight jointly • Maintain unhindered access to space and protect our space capabilities from enemy attack

42. Attributes of a Transformed Joint Force • Fully Integrated • All DoD component capabilities are born joint and are able to integrate into a focused effort with a unified purpose • Networked • Linked and synchronized in time and purpose—allowing dispersed forces to communicate, maneuver, and share a common operating picture • Adaptable • Forces that are tailorable and scalable, prepared to quickly respond to any contingency • Expeditionary • Rapidly deployable, employable, and sustainable—regardless of anti-access, or area denial environments • Decision Superior • Gain and maintain information superiority to shape the situation or react to changes • Decentralized • Uses collaborative planning and shared knowledge to empower subordinate commanders to compress decision cycles • Lethal • Capability to destroy an adversary and/or his systems in all conditions and environments

43. Light Sustained But Survivable Combat Capabilities Lower Deployment & Expeditionary Footprint Self-deployable Lethal Networked with different ISR:Engagement asset ratio within joint forces Shorter ISR-Engagement Times Sustained Large-scale Precision Strike Joint & Multinational Combined Arms Long-range Global Perspective Deep Large-scale Operational-Level Maneuver Greater Operational Reach (speed + payload + range) Swift Joint -Interagency-Multinational Information & Intelligence Fusion Greater ISR - Engagement Intelligence Pull Short Planning-Decision-Execution Cycles Overwhelming Operational Tempo QDR and DPG Trends In Future U.S. Joint Warfare QDR/DPG Strategy Elements Assure-Dissuade-Deter-Defeat • Need Capabilities for: • Longer Duration • Multiple Simultaneous Crisis

44. NCW implementation The power of shared awareness ISR High speed networking New capabilities / TTPs Networking + ISR = Speed Information running ahead of the physics A new Airpower – Land power intersection All weather weapons / CAS / Interdiction Speed Weight of Fire vs Precision The non-contiguous battlespace Movement toward tactical level jointness / interoperability, especially SOF Transformation Transformation in Progress

45. Trends In Future U.S. Capabilities • Standing, deployable Joint Command and Control system • Interoperable Communication/ Info systems and networks • SOPs, Common Operational Pictures and Collaborative Planning Tools • Operational Net Assessment and Effects Based Planning • Rapidly Deployable, Sustainable, Mission-Oriented Joint Forces • Air superiority and Maritime littoral assets • Tailored & maneuverable Ground and Amphibious Units • Air and Sea Strategic Mobility Assets, Pre-positioned stocks • Precision Deep Strike • Stealthy bombers, stand-off cruise missiles, smart munitions • Earth-penetrating and thermo baric weapons • Manned/Unmanned ISR Aircraft & space/ground/sea sensors • Layered Force Protection • Information operations & Non-Lethal Weapons • National and Theater Missile and Air Defenses • Hardened U.S. space systems with defense systems • Chemical and Biological Defense Units