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Roman Empire: Rise, Fall, & Legacy

Explore the Roman Empire's history through the eyes of Roman historians like Pliny the Elder, Josephus, Philo of Alexandria, and Seneca. Learn about Julius Caesar's dictatorship, assassination, and the formation of the Second Triumvirate. Follow the reign of Augustus Caesar, the Julian-Claudian Dynasty, and the notable emperors Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. Discover the era of "Pax Romana," the Battle of Actium, and the establishment of Rome's road and courier systems.

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Roman Empire: Rise, Fall, & Legacy

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  1. The Roman Empire

  2. Roman Historians • Pliny the Elder – questionable depictions of emperors • Josephus (Jewish) – extra-Biblical information about Jesus Christ • Philo of Alexandria • Seneca

  3. Julius Caesar, pre-empire dictator

  4. Assassination of Caesar • 44 BC – the Ides of March (3/15) • Killed by senators including Brutus

  5. Octavian • Julius Caesar’s great nephew • JC adopted him • After JC assassinated, gathered armies and marched on Rome • Marc Antony blocked his adoption • Cicero spoke out against Marc Antony, Octavian elected proconsul • Second Triumvirate formed

  6. Second Triumvirate • Formed in 43 BC • Octavian(later Augustus Caesar) – Sardinia, Sicily Africa • Marc Antony – parts of Gaul • Marcus Aemilius Lepidus – Spain, parts of Gaul • Lepidus favored Antony

  7. Augustus Caesar

  8. Breakup and war • Marc Antony left his wife (actually Octavian’s sister) and falls for Cleopatra • 2nd Triumvirate over in 33 BC • Augustus accuses Antony of allying with Egypt to overthrow Rome • Battle of Actium – Antony defeated, he and Cleopatra commit suicide

  9. Rule of Augustus Caesar • 27 BC – 14 AD • Jesus Christ in the New Testament refers to “Caesar” (Augustus Caesar) • “PaxRomana” – Roman peace • Fire-fighters in Rome • Peace with Parthians • Praetorian guard • Road system, courier system

  10. Julian-Claudian Dynasty • Tiberius 14-37 AD – Pliny the Elder called him “gloomy” • Caligula 37-41 AD – divinity, Incitatus, assassinated by senators and Praetorian guard, Mauretania • Claudius 41 – 54 AD – Caligula’s uncle, cozy with Senate, mentioned in Acts, Britannia • Nero 54-68 AD – Great Fire in 64, avoided assassination

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