1. Power Generation Presented to Dr.Farhana Presented by Nouman Ashraf(15EL38) Ahsan Ayyaz(15EL18) Farhan Shahid(15EL21)

2. Dams • A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or underground streams.  • dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as irrigation, human consumption, industrial use, • Hydropower is often used with dams to generate electricity. • A dam can also be used to collect water or for storage of water which can be evenly distributed between locations.

3. Types of Dams • Dams are classified on the basis on structure as; Storage Dams • store water during the rainy season • for hydroelectric power generation, • irrigation • or for a flood control project

4. Diversional Dams • for the purpose of diverting water of the river into an off-taking canal • provide sufficient pressure for pushing water into ditches, • canals, or other conveyance systems. • used for irrigation, • usually of low height • has a small storage reservoir

6. Detention Dams • are constructed for flood control • effect of sudden floods is reduced to some extent

7. Rockfill Dams • is built of rock fragments and boulders of large size

8. Arch Dams • is curved in plan, • transfers the water pressure and other forces mainly to the abutments by arch action

10. Concrete Dams • Made up of rigid material like concrete • Normally suitable on solid rock foundation

11. Turbines • Converts fluid energy into mechanical energy Types of turbines • Impulse turbine • Reaction or pressure turbines • Tangential flow turbine • Radial flow turbine • Mixed flow turbine • Axial flow turbine

12. Reaction or pressure turbine

13. Tangential flow turbine • Pelton wheel turbine Also called high head turbine 150m to 2000m

14. Radial Flow Turbine • radially inwards or centripetal type • radially outwards or centrifugal type

15. Mixed Flow Turbine • Frances turbine • Also called medium • head •  30m to 150m

16. Axial Flow Turbine • Kapplan turbine • Also called low head turbine • head less than 30m

17. Spills way • A spillway is a structure used to provide the controlled release of flows from a dam or levee into a downstream area, Types of spills way • Side channel spills way • Free overfall spills way • Oge shape spills way

18. Side channel spills way • Provided in narrow valleys • advantageous to leave the central portion of the stream for the power house

19. Free over fall spills way • sharp crested spillway • face is vertical or nearly vertical.

20. Oge shape spills way • discharge is more than that of the free fall spillway

21. Types of Surge Tanks • Simple surge tank • Inclined surge tank • Gallery type surge tank • Restricted orifice surge tank

22. Simple Surge tank

23. Inclined surge tank

24. Gallery type Surge tank

25. Restricted Surge tank

26. Safety Measurements • Planning ahead to control risks • minimise workplace risks involves planning ahead to prevent workplace accidents, injuries and illnesses • systems of work are safe • equipment is properly maintained • Employees must receive health and safety information, training and appropriate supervision

27. Safety upgrades for older hydropower stations • need urgent attention to comply with modern workplace health and safety standards. • Upgrade hydro power stations with modern instruments

28. Station evacuation • , people must be able to get out of a hydropower station safely • at least two independent ways to exit • lighting is essential for emergency escapes.

29. Flood protection • Due to Failure of drainage pumps • Leakage can cause rapid flooding of the station • water-level, flood and evacuation alarms necessary

30. Fire and smoke control • need to detect fires as early as possible • Rise of temperature of the fire or smoke causes injury. • Evacuation of people as soon as possible.