The Union in Peril

1. The Union in Peril Slavery becomes the dominant issue in U.S. politics, leading to the birth of new political parties, the election of Abraham Lincoln, and the secession of Southern states. NEXT

2. The Divisive Politics of Slavery SECTION 1 SECTION 2 Protest, Resistance, and Violence The Birth of the Republican Party SECTION 3 Slavery and Secession SECTION 4 The Union in Peril NEXT

3. Section 1 The Divisive Politics of Slavery The issue of slavery dominates U.S. politics in the early 1850s. NEXT

4. Death of John Quincy Adams After his presidency, JQ Adams was still active in the House of Representatives. In February of 1848, he rose in the House to denounce the Mexican War. In the course of his speech, he suffered a cerebral stroke and dropped to the floor. He died two days later at the age of 80.

5. SECTION 1 The Divisive Politics of Slavery The Nation in 1850 • 1850 = Golden Age for the US? • MX War a triumph; greatly increased territory • Population = 23 mill…finally surpasses Britain • Telegraphs, world cotton supplier, more railroads, fastest ships • BUT………………..Slavery issue spoiled everything!!! Continued . . . NEXT

6. SECTION 1 The Divisive Politics of Slavery Differences Between North and South • Industry and Immigration in the North • 1850s North industrialized; manufacturing center • Railroads (20k miles) • - small towns quickly become cities (Chicago) • - telegraph wires provide fast communication • Immigrants flooding in from Ireland, Germany, Netherlands, Britain…most were anti-slavery • Agriculture and Slavery in the South • South mostly rural: plantations and small farms • Economy relies on cash crops; manufacture under 10% of U.S. goods • Use rivers for transporting goods and travel • Few immigrants; free, enslaved African Americans meet labor needs Continued . . . NEXT

7. SECTION 1 Slavery in the Territories The Wilmot Proviso • Wilmot Proviso -PA Democrat David Wilmot introduces bill -no slavery interritory acquired from Mexico • House approves; Senate rejects—still causes resentment on both sides • Statehood for California • 1850, CA applies for statehood; outlaws slavery • South alarmed because it violates MO. Comp. • Pres. Zachary Taylor supports admission of California as free state • Recommends to angry South that slavery be decided by each territory NEXT

8. SECTION 1 The Senate Debates • Clay’s Compromise of 1850 • Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser) offers Compromise of 1850 to settle disputes over slavery • 1) California to be a free state (South hates) • 2) Harsher enforcement of Fugitive Slave Act…Northerners required to help capture and return slaves to the South (North hates) • 3) popular sovereignty—residents of territory vote to decide slavery • 4) government to pay Texas $10 million for its claim to eastern NM • *Limited slavery in TX to within its current borders • *Money would help TX pay off war debts • 5) slave trade banned in D.C. but slavery permitted • 6) Congress won’t interfere with interstate slave trade Continued . . . NEXT

9. SECTION 1 continuedThe Senate Debates • Calhoun Opposes the Compromise • John C. Calhoun presents Southern case for slavery in territories • Wants end to all anti-slavery agitation from North • Demands that all lands gained from MX war be admitted as slave states William Henry Seward Opposes • Opposite extreme from Calhoun • Hostile to idea of adding slave states • Extremely liberal- wants prison reform - wants toleration of Catholics and foreigners - worked to undermine the FSAct NEXT

10. SECTION 1 continuedThe Senate Debates • Clay and Webster Respond • Clay’s asks free states not to harass slave states • Clay begs slave states to stop threatening secession, which would lead to war • In famous speech, Daniel Webster calls for national unity The Compromise is Adopted • Senate rejects compromise; discouraged Clay leaves Washington • Stephen A. Douglas (of IL) reintroduces resolutions individually • President Millard Filmore (Taylor died) gives support; - Calhoun dies; South decides to negotiate - Compromise of 1859 voted into law NEXT

11. Death of President Taylor On July 4th, 1850, President Taylor was forced to listen to Independence Day speeches under a boiling heat. Taylor, 65 yrs. Old, chose to cool off afterward by eating cucumbers, cherries, and large quantities of iced milk. He got a sever stomache from which he might have recovered had not the doctors descended upon him. By the time they were through dosing him with dubious medicines and bleeding him, he was dead. Again the Whigs had nominated a war-hero who won the Presidency and died in office (Harrison). Vice President Millard Fillmore became the 13th Prez.

12. Section 2 Protest, Resistance, and Violence Proslavery and antislavery factions disagree over the treatment of fugitive slaves and the spread of slavery to the territories. NEXT

13. SECTION 2 Protest, Resistance, and Violence Fugitive Slaves and the Underground Railroad The Fugitive Slave Act • Fugitive Slave Act—ruined the compromise • Enforcement agents from the South invaded North to haul off runaways > resentment and a rise in Abolition • Converted more people to abolition than W.L. Garrison ever did Resisting the Law • Anti-slavery northerners refuse to return runaways • Personal liberty laws forbid prison for fugitives, grant them jury trials Continued . . . NEXT

14. SECTION 2 continuedFugitive Slaves and the Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad • Underground Railroad—secret network of abolitionists who help slaves escape --secret tunnels, false cupboards, fed and clothed them • Harriet Tubman escapes from brutal slave owner who beat her, causing constant lapses of consciousness • Fugitives go on foot at night, often no food, avoiding armed patrols • Tubman goes to the South 19 times, sneaks 300 slaves to the North • Some fugitives stayed in North; others go on to Canada Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe’sUncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) stirs protest; 1 million sold • Uncle Tom’s Cabin shows slavery as moral problem, not just political NEXT

15. The Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad did not really rescue that many slaves. It saved less than 1000 a year out of a total slave population of 3 million…a slave population that was growing at the rate of 70,000 a year. Additionally, most of the slaves rescued came from the border states where the conditions of slavery were relatively mild compared to the Deep South.

16. The story depicted the hardships faced by the slave Eliza, fleeing across an icy river, pursued by bloodhounds, to keep from being separated from her baby and sold “down the river” to harsh labor in the cotton fields. The readers also wept over the noble slave, Uncle Tom, who prays for the brutal slave owner Simon Legree even as he whips him to death. Tom’s action of nonresistance has led modern-day militant Blacks to look down upon such nonmilitants as “Uncle Toms”. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Rr-aRxItpw

17. SECTION 2 Tension in Kansas and Nebraska • Popular Sovereignty • Douglas proposes creation of NE and KS territories • Wants railroad from Chicago to San Fran; thinks expansion will help Democrats, unify nation • Feels popular sovereignty on slavery best way to organize new states; fair and democratic • Thinks slavery unworkable in Midwest prairie climate, so pop sov would lead to free states in this region • The Kansas-Nebraska Act • Douglas’s bill would officially repeal Missouri Compromise; bitter debate ensues • 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular sovereignty on slavery NEXT

18. SECTION 2 Violence Erupts in “Bleeding Kansas” • The Race for Kansas • Northern, Southern settlers pour into Kansas Territory • Most settlers sent by antislavery emigrant aid societies • In 1855, Kansas holds election for territorial legislature • Proslavery border ruffians vote illegally, win fraudulent majority • Proslavery government in Lecompton; antislavery rival in Topeka “The Sack of Lawrence” • Proslavery grand jury brands people of antislavery Lawrence traitors - posse of 800 burns, loots town, kills one man Continued . . . NEXT

19. SECTION 2 continuedViolence Erupts in “Bleeding Kansas” • “The Pottawatomie Massacre” • Abolitionist John Brown believes God wants him to fight slavery • Brown, followers violently kill 5 men in “Pottawatomie Massacre” • Territory called Bleeding Kansas for incidents that kill some 200 • Violence in the Senate • Senator Charles Sumner (the first Abolitionist in Congress) verbally attacks colleagues, slavery • Congressman Preston S. Brooks beats Sumner for insults to uncle (SC Senator Butler) • Southerners applaud Brooks; Northerners condemn him NEXT

20. The Caning of Senator Sumner Congressman Brooks approached Sumner with a cane in his office, striking him hard and repeatedly. Sumner was trapped between his seat and his desk, which was bolted to the floor. Brooks broke his cane on Sumner, who was beaten senseless. Wild demands from the free states that the House expel Brooks failed. Brooks resigned his seat, however, plead guilty to assault, and was fined $300. He was then unanimously reelected by his district, while canes to replace the one he had broken were sent to him from all over the slave states.

21. Section 3 The Birth of the Republican Party In the mid-1850s, the issue of slavery and other factors split political parties and lead to the birth of new ones. NEXT

22. SECTION 3 The Birth of the Republican Party New Political Parties Emerge • Slavery Divides Whigs • Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in 1852 elections • Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852 • Whig Party splinters after Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 • --Southern Whigs look for a pro-slavery party • --Anti-slavery Americans want a national political voice Nativism • Nativism—belief in favoring native-born Americans over immigrants • Nativists form American Party (1854), known as Know-Nothing Party --Secret handshakes, passwords; “I Know Nothing!” --Middle-class Protestants afraid of immigrants and Catholicism (Pope trying to overthrow democracy!) --Split over slavery…fades into obscurity NEXT

23. Vice President William Rufus Kinghttp://www.epgn.com/view/full_story/15958097/article-William-Rufus-King--First-gay-U-S--vice-president-- While Franklin Pierce was elected Prez at the age of 48, the youngest ever to be voted into office up to that date, his Vice President William Rufus King was 67 yrs old and in failing health. King was allowed to take his oath of office in Cuba, as he sought out a warmer climate to improve his health. However, he never recovered, and died having only been VP for six weeks. The US remained without a VP throughout Pierce’s administration, and no one seemed to mind. But that wasn’t the only noteworthy aspect to VP King’s life. Some speculated that he was………………………

24. Lincoln discusses the Know-Nothing Party I am not a Know-Nothing. That is certain. How could I be? How can any one who abhors the oppression of negroes, be in favor of degrading classes of white people? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid. As a nation, we begin by declaring that "all men are created equal." We now practically read it "all men are created equal, except negroes." When the Know-Nothings get control, it will read "all men are created equal, except negroes, and foreigners, and catholics." When it comes to this I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretence of loving liberty—to Russia, for instance, where despotism can be taken pure, and without the base alloy of hypocracy. --Lincoln (1855)

25. Nativism https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OE4_FpZvGFA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADmX9eMEV9U

26. SECTION 3 Antislavery Parties Form • Forerunner of the Republican Party • Liberty Party pursues abolition through laws; affects 1844 election by throwing election to Polk The Free-Soilers • Free-Soil Party (1848) opposes extension of slavery into territories • Many Free-Soilers not abolitionists; support restrictions on blacks (Garrison opposes) • Object to slavery’s impact on white wage-based labor force • Convinced of conspiracy to spread slavery throughout U.S. Continued . . . NEXT

27. SECTION 3 continuedAntislavery Parties Form Republican Party • 1854, unhappy Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers form Republican Party • Horace Greeley, abolitionist, helps found Republican party • Republicans oppose KS-NE Act and slavery in territories --Conservative faction wants to restore MO Comp. --Radicals wanted abolition • Strong ability to draw support from a wide range of groups • The 1856 Election • Republicans select John C. Frémont—mapped OR Trail, led troops in CA during Bear Flag Rebellion • Democrat James Buchananelected; a northerner who had stayed out of disputes over KS-NE Act; he’s the only truly national candidate……..secession averted! NEXT

28. Section 4 Slavery and Secession A series of controversial events heighten the sectional conflict that brings the nation to the brink of war. NEXT

29. SECTION 4 Slavery and Secession Slavery Dominates Politics Dred Scott Decision • Dred Scott, slave who had lived in free areas sues for freedom • 1857, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney hands down decision - slaves do not have rights of citizens…can’t sue - Congress cannot forbid slavery in territories…Court officially rules MO Comp unconstitutional • The Lecompton Constitution • Proslavery Kansas government writes constitution, seeks statehood • President Buchanan endorses it, recommends statehood • Stephen Douglas denounces Lecompton Constitution, splitting the Democratic party • Constitution put up for a referendum…turned down…KS remains a territory NEXT

30. SECTION 4 Rise of Lincoln • Lincoln’s Beliefs • 1858, Republican Abraham Lincoln runs for Sen. Douglas’s Senate seat • Anti-slavery moderate: Abolitionists antagonized slave-states • Strongly opposed to MX War • Against KS/NE Act…increased his anti-slave feelings • Believed Congress had the power to exclude slavery Continued . . . NEXT

31. Lincoln nominated for Senate by Repub convention Lincoln’s speech at the convention expressed his view concerning the insidious effect of slavery and its capacity for reaching out to destroy freedom elsewhere. Quoting the Bible he said, “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other”.

32. SECTION 4 Lincoln-Douglas Debates • Lincoln Challenges Douglas • 1858, Republican Abraham Lincoln runs for Douglas’s Senate seat • Because Lincoln unknown, challenges Douglas to 7 debates • Positions and Arguments • Douglas: slavery a legal matter, not a moral issue Lincoln: slavery immoral • Douglas thinks popular sovereignty will undo slavery • Lincoln traps Douglas, asks him how pop sov can work in light of Dred Scott decision Continued . . . NEXT

33. SECTION 4 continuedLincoln-Douglas Debates • The Freeport Doctrine • Lincoln: how to form free states if territories must allow slavery • Douglas’s Freeport Doctrine—elect leaders who do not enforce slavery • Slave states enraged over this doctrine • Lincoln on slavery: “The Republican Party thinks it wrong—we think it a moral, a social, and a political wrong”. • Douglas: “If each state will only agree to mind its own business, and let its neighbors alone…this republic can exist forever divided into free and slave states”. • Douglas seat, but ruined as a Prez candidate • Lincoln made a national figure NEXT

34. Lincoln’s Response to the Freeport Doctrine Get Up, Stand Up, stand up for your right Get Up, Stand Up, don't give up the fight Preacher man don't tell me heaven is under the earth I know you don't know what life is really worth Is not all that glitters in gold and Half the story has never been told So now you see the light, Stand up for your right. Come on Get Up, Stand Up, stand up for your right Get Up, Stand Up, don't give up the fight Most people think great God will come from the sky Take away everything, and make everybody feel high But if you know what life is worth You would look for yours on earth And now you see the light You stand up for your right, yeah! Get Up, Stand Up, stand up for your right Get Up, Stand Up, don't give up the fight Get Up, Stand Up. Life is your right So we can't give up the fight Stand up for your right, Lord, Lord Get Up, Stand Up. Keep on struggling on Don't give up the fight We're sick and tired of your ism and skism game Die and go to heaven in Jesus' name, Lord We know when we understand Almighty God is a living man You can fool some people sometimes But you can't fool all the people all the time So now we see the light We gonna stand up for our right So you'd better get up, stand up, stand up for your right Get Up, Stand Up, don't give up the fight Get Up, Stand Up, stand up for your right Get Up, Stand Up, don't give up the fight.

35. SECTION 4 Passions Ignite • Harpers Ferry • John Brown plans to start a slave uprising, needs weapons • 1859, leads band to federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry to get arms • U.S. Marines put down rebellion, capture Brown • John Brown’s Hanging • Brown is hanged for high treason, December 1859 • Many Northerners see Brown as a martyr; Southerners fear future uprisings NEXT

36. SECTION 4 Meanwhile, back at the bat cave… • Technological Growth • 1856, Gail Borden patented a process for making a non-spoiling condensed milk • 1856, Western Union Telegraph Co. organized • 1858, St. Patrick Cathedral—first great Catholic structure in the nation is built in NYC • 1858, George Pullman invented the sleeping car • 1859, Edwin Drake is the first to drill for oil NEXT

37. SECTION 4 Lincoln Is Elected President • Repub and Dems Nomination for Prez • Lincoln wins Repub nomination; seen as a moderate • He tells South he will not meddle with slaves; South feels threatened • Slave states refuse to nominate Douglas due to Freeport Doctrine • Slave states walk out of Dem convention; leads to Douglas winning nomination • Slave states nominate their own, VP Breckinridge • The Election of 1860 • Democrats split; threaten to secede if Lincoln wins • Lincoln wins NEXT

38. SECTION 4 Southern Secession • The Shaping of the Confederacy • South Carolina and 6 other states secede: • Feb. 1861 Confederacy or Confederate States of America forms • Confederacy permits slavery, recognizes each state’s sovereignty • Former senator Jefferson Davis unanimously elected president Continued . . . NEXT

39. The Confederate Constitution Delegates from the seceding states met in Montgomery, Alabama to frame a new constitution. The ensuing document gave the states a greater share of rights and greatly weakened the central government. There was no supreme court and the legislature was made up of one house. The president was given a single six-year term and could not be reelected. Oddly enough, the states were not given any express right to secede from the new government. Above is the Confederate flag, known as the “stars and bars”, as opposed to the American “stars and stripes”. AL, GA, MS, NC all incorporate the flag in their state flag today. Nearly all southern states allow vehicle owners to request a state-issued license plate featuring the Confederate flag. Controversy???