1 / 19

Notes on Disorders

Notes on Disorders. DeLossa – Psychology/Rm. 630 Corresponding Text: mods . 27-29. The determination of Normalcy. Psychology treats normalcy as construct, but also creates standards that are testable for practical purposes of determining abnormality.

jeb
Télécharger la présentation

Notes on Disorders

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Notes on Disorders DeLossa – Psychology/Rm. 630 Corresponding Text: mods. 27-29

  2. The determination of Normalcy • Psychology treats normalcy as construct, but also creates standards that are testable for practical purposes of determining abnormality. • MUDA (maladaptive, unjustifiable, disturbing, atypical) • DES (distress, efficiency, social acceptability) – DES will be used more extensively in this class • The DSM IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text revision) establishes criteria for administering these tests.

  3. The DSM The DSM is a “living document” that it is constantly changing and being revised. Specific committees of the APA (American Psychiatric Association) are charged with developing categories and diagnostic criteria after reviewing literature and polling members of the profession. Disorders can be added or removed as a result.

  4. Consequences of the DSM • The DSM allows consistency in the field of psychiatry and psychology. • The government, health industry, and insurance industry all use the DSM as a standard. • The DSM raises issues of labelling: • Social effects of being labelled. • The issue of whether a diagnosis leads to the best treatment vs. holistic treatment of symptoms

  5. Classifications within the DSM The DSM groups disorders within “families” of disorders with similar symptoms, etiology (sources/causes), and/or treatment. Many of these classifications are unexpected from the point of view of pop psychology (e.g., OCS is an anxiety disorder), but make sense within the field of psychology

  6. Etiology of Disorders Nature vs. nurture It is clear that many disorders have a genetic component (i.e., “nature”) However, it is also clear that environment plays an important role in the expression of genetic predispositions (i.e., “nurture”) Environment includes the physical environment and social relationships (including upbringing) and learning are critical

  7. Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder Phobias Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Anxiety disorders arise from overactive limbic responses (fight-or-flight response) There are clear brain-function signs in individuals with anxiety disorders

  8. Anxiety Disorders (2) • Symptomatology of generalized anxiety • Edgy, restless feeling • Repetitive specific fears • Lack of concentration and focus • Somatic tension (muscles clenched or spasming) • Irritability • Problems sleeping • Phobias are specific fears that are disruptive and unjustified

  9. Anxiety Disorders (2) • Symptomatology of generalized anxiety • Edgy, restless feeling • Repetitive specific fears • Lack of concentration and focus • Somatic tension (muscles clenched or spasming) • Irritability • Problems sleeping • Phobias are specific fears that are disruptive and unjustified • Their name indicates the point of transference for the fear

  10. Anxiety Disorders (3) • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) • Obsessions are repetitive thoughts • Compulsions are repetitive behaviors • Patients with OCD report the feeling that the thoughts and behaviors are foreign • Remember that this is an anxiety-based disorder • CBT is increasingly regarded as an effective treatment • Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) • Intense stress is a trigger; symptoms run the gamut of anxiety symptoms

  11. Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Bipolar Disorder Dysthymic Disorder Mood disorders are those where there is a major, persistent disturbance of emotion. The disturbance can be either manic or depressive in nature.

  12. Mood Disorders (2) • Symptomatology of MDD (t ≥ 2 weeks) • Depressed mood most of the day, day after day • Lassitude: little interest in life events • Loss of pleasure in things that once were pleasurable • Sleeping much more or much less than average. • Much less or much more energy than average. • Fatigue and general loss of energy. • Trouble thinking and concentrating. • Suicidal ideation. Fixation on the idea of death. • DSM-IV TR says that five of seven symptoms, including one of the first two, must be present to diagnose MDD.

  13. Mood Disorders (3) • Dysthymic disorder is an attenuated form of MDD • Symptomatology of Bipolar Disorder • Elements of MDD • Alternates with manic episodes: extremely elevated energy, agitation, and, possibly, delusions. • Depressive phases are typically longer than manic phases. • Cyclothymiais an attenuated and more frequently cycling form of Bipolar Disorder.

  14. Treatments • Mood and Anxiety disorders generally are treated with a combination of medicines and “talk” therapies, e.g.: • SSRI’s (Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft) • Atypical anti-psychotics • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy • Psychodynamic Therapy • etc.

  15. Dissociative Disorders Disorders in which the sense of self has been adversely affected. Dissociative Fugue: Movement coupled with a loss of identity Dissociative Amnesia: Loss of Memory coupled with a loss of identity (usually around a traumatic event) Dissociative Identity Disorder: Loss of identity, supplanted by two or more new identities

  16. Dissociative Disorders (2) • Dissociative disorders usually represent a psychological response to severe stress (often the result of extreme psychological or physiological trauma) • These disorders revolve around the question of what “self” and “personality” are • There are significant questions around Dissociative Identity Disorder (often referred to as Multiple Personality Disorder) • Sybil controversy (patient bias in presenting symptoms expected by the analyst/physician)

  17. Schizophrenia Disorders • Disorders in which the sense of reality has been adversely affected. • Symptomatology includes • Delusions • Hallucinations • Inappropriate emotions • Inappropriate behavior • “Schizophrenia” actually refers to a family of disorders.

  18. Schizophrenia Disorders (2) Paranoid schizophrenia (delusions of grandeur + persecution complex) Catatonic schizophrenia (excitement followed by complete stupor) Disorganized schizophrenia (bizarre, unorthodox delusions and hallucinations, coupled with strange behavior) Undifferentiated schizophrenia (schizophrenia NOS), symptoms that are clearly schizophrenic, but don’t fit above

  19. Personality Disorders • Disorders in which persistent, rigid behaviors seriously impair social functioning. • There are three subfamilies, but diagnosis is often difficult because of overlapping symptoms • Anxiety based: Avoidant Personality Disorder; Dependent Personality Disorder • Dramatic or Impulsive Behaviors: Borderline Personality Disorder; Antisocial Personality Disorder (psychopathic and sociopathic disorders) • Odd or Eccentric Behaviors: Paranoid Personality Disorder; Schizoid Personality Disorder

More Related