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DEFINING & NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

DEFINING & NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES. PARTICIPLE CLAUSES. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE. The doctor who helped me most was Dr. Clark. (No commas) The doctor (that) I found most helpful was Dr. Clark. ( that - can be omitted if it’s the object not the subject!!!)

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DEFINING & NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

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  1. DEFINING & NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES PARTICIPLE CLAUSES

  2. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE • The doctor who helped me most was Dr. Clark. (No commas) • The doctor (that) I found most helpful was Dr. Clark. (that- can be omitted if it’s the object not the subject!!!) • The treatment that helped me most was acupuncture. • The treatment (that) I liked best was acupuncture.

  3. DRC are an essential part of the meaning of a sentence and therefore they cannot be left out. They define exactly who or what we talk about.

  4. ‘That’ can be the ‘subject’ after the following: • Superlatives • All • Every (thing) • Some (thing) • Any (thing) • No (thing) • Only

  5. 1. The only thing that matters is that you are safe. • 2. All that’s needed is a little more time. • 3. He wrote some of the best poetry that’s ever been written.

  6. Prepositions can come either before relative pronoun or at the end of the relative clause. e.g. This is the book I was talking to you about. The people I work with are very kind.

  7. NON –DEFINING CLAUSE • Mr. Jenkins, who has written several books, spoke at the meeting last night. • My favorite drink is whisky, which is one of Britain’s most profitable exports.

  8. Non-defining relative clause add extra information of secondary importance, and can be left out.

  9. Prepositions can come at the end of NDRC, but in a formal style they are usually put before the relative pronoun. e.g. The lecturer spoke for two hours on the subject of Weingarten’s Theory of Market Forces, which none of us had ever heard of. The privatization of all the industry, to which this government is deeply committed, is not universally popular.

  10. DIFFERENT MEANING? • The position of Sales Manager went to the man who was 40. • The position of Sales Manager went to the man, who was 40. • The students who had missed the bus started the test late. • The students, who had missed the bus, started the test late.

  11. DRC vs. NDRC • Has she told you what’s worrying her? • I have to do what I believe is right. • There’s the woman whose son was killed recently. • The lift isn’t working, which means we will have to use the stairs. • He shops in Oxford, where his sister lives. • Do you remember the reason why we are arguing?

  12. WHO & WHICH • Never used as object after: • - superlatives, time expressions or indefinite pronouns (either omitted or replaced by that) • e.g. This is the most expensive present (that) I ever intended to buy. Choose a seat anywhere (that) you want.

  13. PARTICIPLE • When Participles come after a noun, they are like reduced relative clauses. • The woman, who was talking to the manager, is my boss. The woman talking to the manager is my boss. • The book was written by W. Thackeray. It is a real page-turner. The book written by W. Thackeray, is a real page-turner. • The man being interviewed by the police is suspected of arson (who is being interviewed)

  14. Reading Having read Being read Having been read Read Читаючи Прочитавши Який читають, коло його читали Коли його прочитали Прочитаний

  15. Throwing Who threw Being thrown Thrown Який кидає Який кинув Якого кидають Кинутий

  16. Present Participle describes action which is still happening. e.g. They watched the burning forest. • Past Participle describes the result of an action that has happened. e.g. She looked at the broken chair.

  17. PARTICIPLE CLAUSES • 1. Describe actions that are going on simultaneously. e.g. She sat by the fire reading a book. He went to the party dressed as a monkey. • 2. Describe actions that happen consecutively. e.g.Opening his suitcase, he took our a revolver. Released from his cage, the lion prowled around.

  18. 3. If it is important to show that the first action has finished before the second begins, the Perfect Participle (having + Participle II) is used. e.g.Having finished lunch, we set off. • 4. Can express an idea of ‘because’ e.g.Being a mean man, he never spent more than he had to. Not knowing what to do, I waited patiently. Weakened by years of bad health, she could hardly sit up in bed.

  19. 5. Participle clause can express the idea of result. e.g. It rained every day for two weeks, completely ruining our holidays. • 6. Participle Clause can express the idea of ‘if’ e.g.Taken regularly, aspirin can reduce the risk of a stroke.

  20. 7. Can be introduced by while, after, by, on, since. e.g.On entering the room, I noticed that everyone was looking at me. When leaving the plane, remember to take your belongings with you.

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