Welcome to the 60’s ! A decade of change

1. Welcome to the 60’s!A decade of change Christian Kardish Alayna Kennedy Billy Maguire

2. Influential People The Beatles

3. Martin Luther King Jr. • Born-January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia • His father and grandfather were both ministers, and he followed in their footsteps, becoming pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama • Married Coretta Scott • He organized peaceful protests after Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving up her bus seat. • After these  protests against bus segregation, King was arrested and his house was fire bombed • Kings goal in these protests was to procure the right to vote for African Americans. This seemed sure of happening when JFK won the 1960 election. JFK had 70% of the African American vote because he wanted to pass a civil rights act. • However, the passing of the act was delayed for the first two years of Kennedy’s presidency • To persuade Kennedy to speed up the passage of the bill, King organized the famous March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963. • During this march, King made his famous “I Have a Dream” speech on the steps of the Lincoln memorial in front of more than 200,000 marchers • The bill was still being discussed in 1963 when JFK was assassinated • His successor Lyndon B Johnson, passed the Civil Rights Act in 1964 • King continued his peaceful and nonviolent acts and won the Nobel Peace prize in 1964 • His last speech was the “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” at the Mason Temple in Memphis Tennessee • The next day, King stepped onto his balcony an was shot by James Earl Ray and died instantly • His assassination was followed by rioting in 125 cities and resulted in 46 deaths  • Two months later Ray was arrested in London and pleaded guilty to the assassination. He was sentenced to 99 years in prison • Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 18 and is a national holiday 

4. John F. Kennedy • He came from one of the most wealthy and powerful families in America • His father was a successful businessman and was the American ambassador to Britain during World War 2 • JFK joined the navy during WWII and was assigned to the Pacific • Saved another soldiers life, swimming him to shore after their patrol boat was sunk by the Japanese • Received several medals for this act of courage • His political career started in 1946 when he won a seat in Congress for Massachusetts • Elected into the US Senate in 1952 • After being reelected to the Senate in 1958, he decided to run for president in 1960  • He was the Democrat running against Richard Nixon • In his campaign, he promised to help the poor and elderly • Nixon was favored to win because Kennedy was a Roman Catholic • There had never been a Roman Catholic president so people were worried about his beliefs  • The tide turned on the first televised presidential debate • Kennedy won the final election in 1960 • He won the popular vote with 49.9%. Nixon had 49.6% • He also won the electoral vote with 303 vote. Nixon had 219 • Inaugurated on January 20, 1961 • Drew up plans to increase government spending on social programs. Called the New Frontier • Plan included federal funds for education, funds for poor people, new jobs, etc • Started Peace Corps • Kennedy also campaign to grant African Americans civil rights • Asked Congress to pass the Civil Rights Bill in 1963 • It was passed in the House of Representatives but was stalled in the Senate so JFK went to Texas to campaign for the bills passage • On November 22.1963, JFK and his wife were riding through the streets and were shot and killed • The killer, Harvey Lee Oswald, was arrested later that day • Two days after his arrest, Oswald was shot and killed while being transferred to another jail • Even though JFK didn’t get to pass most of the bills in his New Frontier plan, he left an influence on the American people that caused his ideas to be carried out even after his death

5. Betty Friedan • Born February 4, 1921 in Peoria, Illinois • An American feminist best known for her book The Feminine Mystique (1963) • It explored the causes of the frustration for modern women  • Married to Carl Friedan (they divorced in 1969) • Worked as a freelance writer for various magazines for about 10 years after her marriage • However, she was not content with her life • In 1957 a survey that many of her former college classmates answered showed her that many women were dissatisfied with their lives • She began to extensively research the topic • She organized her findings and personal experiences in her 1963 bestseller, The Feminine Mystique • The book was an immediate success, and translated into many languages • It was, however, very controversial • Friedan’s message was that women suffered many forms of subtle discrimination • In October 1966, Friedan co-founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) • As president of NOW, she directed campaigns to end sexist employment notices, fought for greater representation of women in government, for legalized abortion and other reforms • Helped organize the Women’s Strike for Equality-held on August 26, 1970, which was the 50th anniversary of women’s suffrage • She lead the campaign to pass the proposed equal rights amendment to the U.S Constitution • A founder of the National Women’s Political Caucus(1971) • In 1973 she became director of the First Women’s Bank and Trust Company • Helped the women’s civil rights movement throughout the world • Died February 4, 2006 in Washington D.C

6. Mao Zedong • Born December 26, 1893 into a peasant family in China • Married Yang Kaihui in 1920  • He attended the First Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in July 1921 • The party entered into an alliance with Sun Yat-Sen’s Nationalist party in 1923 • Mao was one of the first communists to join this party   • He became the leader of the Nationalist party • When he felt that his power was threatened, he led the party on a famous 6,000 mile “Long March” to safety (1934-1936) • Chinese communist forces won the Chinese civil war in 1949 against the armies commanded by Chiang Kai-Shek, head of the Chinese government • After he had control of China, Mao formed a new communist state, The New Chinese Peoples Republic • He then formed an alliance with the Soviet Union, another Communist-ruled country • This is what brought them into the Korean War  • The US feared that Asia would become completely controlled by Communists since two huge countries in Asia were now Communist • They sparked a social revolt against the Communist rule • Many people supported the end of Communist which sparked marches and riots against Communism  • During the 1960's, he devised a plan called the "16 Points" that would guide China to a cultural revolution • This included Mao's return to power and the elimination of hostile people in the government • He used the army to achieve his dream of a newer, smarter China • He forced people to be relocated to be re-educated, young children to go to militant schools to learn "the right way", and even destroyed old art, temples, schools, and even churches • The group he used to carry out these destructive actions became known as the Red Guards • On the brink of chaos and civil war, however, Mao called off the Cultural Revolution in 1968 • Died September 9, 1976 in Beijing China • After his death China’s government became more moderate and started being more “friendly” towards the US 

7. Neil Armstrong • Born August 5, 1930 • In 1947 he went to Purdue University and studied aeronautical engineering • Called into active duty for the Navy in 1949 • Flew 78 missions in Navy jets in the Korean War • Became an astronaut in 1962 • On July 20. 1969, he was on Apollo 11 with Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin • Their module, The Eagle, was the first to land on the moon  • Armstrong was the first human to step foot on the moon • When he took his first steps on the moon’s surface, he said the famous phrase, “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” • With this historic event, the Americans won the space race against Russia. • This shot the world into a whole new era of science and technology 

8. Important Events WOODSTOCK R.I.P " I have a dream"

9. Cuban Missile Crisis • Soviets, America's Cold War foe, began secretly constructing nuclear missile sites in Cuba that would be able to launch missiles at the U.S. On October 22, 1962 J.F. Kennedy announced that the U.S would blockade Cuba and search their ships for any weapons. On the 27th and 28th, their was an agreement between the Soviets and Americans. Nikita Khrushchev (Soviet leader) agreed to dismantle the nuclear bases if the U.S would promise not to attack Cuba. J.F.K also secretly agreed to remove U.S bases in Turkey.   • This was important because it was the closest the world has ever come to entering into a nuclear war. Such a war would destroy the entire world, even the nations not fighting  • The Cuban Missile Crisis changed America because it caused citizens to believe a nuclear war was eminent. They bought bomb shelters and lived in fear of an attack.

10. Civil Rights Movement • Martin Luther King, a Baptist minister led the movement to gain voting rights for blacks. He preached and practiced nonviolent actions, even though he and his followers were arrested, beaten, and sometimes killed. On August 28, 1963, King  made an inspirational speech from the steps of the Lincoln memorial which 200,000 people attended. King won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, but was assassinated in 1968.  • King's speech was important because it was one of the things that caused the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to be signed. The act granted blacks the right to vote and resolved to end segregation.  • The Civil Rights movement changed America by giving equal rights to African Americans, the start of a racism free America 

11. Peace Corps Created • When JFK was still a senator campaining for presidency, he challenged the students of the University of Michigan asking how many of them would be willing to serve their country and the cause of peace by living and working in the developing world. After he became president, one of the first things JFK did was to sign the executive order establishing the peace corps. The program was an immediate success, with more than 15,000 volunteers in the field by June 1966 • It gave the people of the US a great opportunity to volunteer in needy countries and helped establish America as a country who will help other countries out.  • It increased the goodwill of Americans, and increased other countries opinion of America. 

12. Assassination of JFK Happen on 12:30 PM, November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. J.F.K and his wife Jackie were in an open-toped car, slowly parading through the streets of Dallas. Kennedy was shot twice, the second time in the head. The assassin is unknown, but it is speculated that the assassin was Lee Harvey Oswald, but that is unknown. The event is surrounded with controversy.    The assassination of J.F.K, one of America's greatest presidents was important because it threw the country into political turmoil.  It changed America because the citizens were worried for their safety. If the president could be assassinated, then what was stopping the killers from killing regular people?    

13. Vietnam War • The first contingent of US troops to be sent into Vietnam arrived on March 8, 1965. In 1954 North Vietnam became communist under Ho Chi Minh. The communist North Vietnam (Viet Cong fighters) began attacking non-communist South Vietnam. The US joined South Vietnam in order to prevent the spread of communism. The US lost.   • Almost 60,000 US soldiers were killed and the public was very against this war. American citizens bitterly protested the war.  • It was the only war that the US ever lost. Many people were angry about it, protesting violently. Also, many soldiers who returned from Vietnam had mental problems due to the horrific things they had gone through. 

14. Moon Landing • On July 20, 1969 the lunar module from the Apollo 11 spacecraft landed on the surface of the moon. Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, and Neil Armstrong were the first men to walk on the moon. Another member of the expedition, Michael Collins, stayed on the spacecraft while Aldrin and Armstrong descended in the module, nicknamed the Eagle • This event occurred during the Cold War, when there was a lot of tension between Russia and America. The fact that America beat Russia in the "Space race" was significant  • This changed America by taking technology to a whole new level. After men landed on the moon, it seemed that anything was possible, and new innovations in technology soon followed.

15. Woodstock! • On August 15, 1969 the "Woodstock Music and Art Fair", a festival of rock and folk music started. Over 400,000 attended on farmland near Bethel, New York. Janis Joplin, The Grateful Dead, and The Who were some performers who attended.   • Woodstock was important because it was a major milestone for the hippie movement. Hippies were into drugs, and communal living. However, many adults were against this radical new movement.  • The hippies movement changed America by introducing the idea of dropping out of school, doing drugs, and "flower-power"  

16. Science, Medicine, and Technology

17. N.A.S.A-The Space Race • NASA, which stands for National Aeronautics and Space Association. • Formed in 1958 • In the 60’s, the US was in a “Space Race” with the Soviet Union. • The two countries were rivals, and were both striving to land a man on the moon • The Soviets had already sent a man into space(Yuri Gagarin) and the US were racing to match their achievement • NASA didn’t just want to send a man into space, they wanted to put a man on the moon, which would put the US ahead in the Space Race • Once the US joined the Space Race many American scientists made revolutionary new advances in space technology • This new technology was eventually used for other purposes than space travel • For example, bullet proof vests were originally made for use in space

18. Medicine-No Smoking! • In 1965, the Surgeon General announced that smoking was a health hazard • 1965 it became required for cigarette packages and cigarette adds to have warnings on them • This was the first time people viewed cigarettes as something that was dangerous and hazardous for peoples health • After this warning, people began taking the Surgeon General’s advice and stopped smoking • This prevented many smoking related deaths • Lung cancer and heart attacks

19. First Human Heart Transplant • Dr. Christiaan Barnard and his team of surgeons carried out the first human heart transplant on December 3, 1967 • The patient was Louis Washansky, a 55 year old grocer from South Africa • Even though the transplant was successful, the patient died 18 days later due to his weakened immune system • This ushered in a new era of medicine through the entire world. Medicine and surgery everywhere became more advanced

20. Birth Control and Abortion • In 1965, the birth control pill became available for women everywhere • In 1967 abortion for cause was legalized in the US • Abortion for cause is when a mother will die or become seriously injured unless a baby is aborted • With both of these new discoveries, women had no fear of pregnancy • The birth control pill would prevent their getting pregnant, and even if the pill didn’t work, they could avoid an unwanted child by aborting it • In America, at first the only type of legal abortion was abortion for cause • However about 10 years later all abortions became legal

21. Advances in Computer Technology • PDP1, a predecessor of the mini computer, was released in 1960 • In 1963 Ivan Sutherland created Sketchpad, the first computer drawing system • A huge program improvement on computers  • In 1968, the first computer mouse was developed by Douglas Engelbart • Made it easy to navigate on a computer • However, computers were still developing during the 60’s • Only the wealthy upper class could afford to buy a computer during the 1960’s

22. The beginning of the FM Radio • The first FM stereo broadcast occurred in 1962 • This improved radios and stereos • Music could now be heard on various FM stations • People could hear their favorite music anytime • Previously, they would have to play music on a record player if they wanted to listen to it

23. Arts Literature To Kill a Mockingbird SPORTS Entertainment Music Fashion

24. ART and ARCHITECTURE • POP ART  • Pop art movement began in the late 50’s and flourished in the 60’s • This movement depicted everyday items and famous people • Sparked by the wealth and prosperity of the post World War II era • Andy Warhol, a famous pop art artist was known for his silk-screens  • ARCHITECTURE • During the 60’s architecture was undergoing refinement • Buildings were made to look streamlined and contemporary • Tall buildings and skyscrapers were becoming an American structure • Architects such as Philip Johnson and John Burgee designed contemporary office buildings which gave the skylines of large cities a new look • Used light and space to create new buildings

25. Literature in the 60’s • American literature in the 60’s reflected what was happening on the political and social scene • One such book, Harper Lee’s “To Kill A Mockingbird” described the turmoil between races. • This book won a Pulitzer Prize  • Other women authors wrote books about women in roles other than the typical happy wife and mother which was common in the 50’s • These books helped Americans deal with the rising role of women and blacks in America

26. Entertainment! MOVIES • The first James Bond film (Dr. No) came out in the 60’s • A popular movie series, The Beach Movie series, had three movies, Beach Party, Muscle Beach Party, and Beach Blanket Bingo • More violence and romance was shown in movies than in the 50’s • Kids took the fashions, styles, and ideas they saw in movies and made very popular • However, movie attendance was low. Since most people had TV’s, they didn’t need to go to the movies TV • The Monkees were the stars of a popular TV series • Star Trek was another hugely popular show that aired in the 60’s  • As TV shows became more and more popular, the TV dinner and other fast dinners became available  

27. Music and Toys MUSIC  • The modular synthesizer was developed in 1960 by Robert Moog and Donald Buchla • This revolutionized the use of electronics to listen to music • The music industry helped women and African Americans make social advancement by giving them opportunities to prove themselves in the public eye TOYS • The post WWII baby boom had created 70 million teenagers in the 60’s • The trends for fashion, toys and politics were set by the teenagers. Essentially, the youth of the 60’s took over pop culture • During the 60’s skateboarding became popular as a winter pastime for surfers • By 1963 skateboarding was a national pastime • Barbie dolls, introduced in the 50’s, became a gigantic success in the 60’s • Another toy manufacturer, Hasbro, made G.I Joe, an action figure for boys, to rival Barbies 

28. Fashion • The 70 million teens of the 60’s wanted to look like adults • This is one of the main fashion goals of the 1960’s • The most popular look in the 60’s was casual • In the 50’s girls wore puffy skirts and had short hair • However, in the 60’s girls wore lots of makeup, miniskirts (which were invented in the 60’s), and generally had long hair • Everyone wanted to look young, happy, and original • Jeans were another piece of clothing that became extremely popular in the 60’s

29. Sports OLYMPICS • In the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, the U.S won gold in hockey and basketball • Muhammad Ali also won gold as a light heavy weight boxer BASEBALL PLAYERS • Sandy Koufax ~ LA Dodgers ~ Won the National League Cy Young Pitching award in 1963, 1965, and 1966 • Roberto Clemente ~ Pittsburg Pirates ~ Batted over .300 for 13 straight seasons • Died December 31, 1972 in a plane crash going to Nicaragua to give relief supplies to earthquake victims • Willie Mays ~ San Francisco Giants ~ 660 career home runs • Hank Aaron ~ Atlanta Braves ~ 755 career home runs- 2nd most of all time FOOTBALL- The first Superbowl was played in the 1966  • Joe Namath ~ New York Jets ~ Won the third Super Bowl in 1969, upset the Colts in a stunning 16-7 victory • Abner Hayes ~ Dallas Cowboys ~ Player of the year for 1960 BASKETBALL PLAYERS • Wilt Chamberlain ~ Philadelphia 76ers ~ scored most points in a single game: 100 points • Bill Russel ~ Boston Celtics ~ Won MVP award 5 times • Elvin Hayes ~ Drafted first in the 1968 draft by the Sane Diego Rockets GOLF • Arnold Palmer ~ 61 victories on the U.S PGA tour ~ Won the athlete of the decade award for the 1960’s  • Jack Nicklaus ~ Won 18 Majors (73 wins total) on the PGA tour   

30. Influential Entertainers THE BEATLES • From Liverpool, England • Had new, cool “Mop-top” haircuts • The Beatles made this hairstyle popular almost overnight • An extremely popular band, they had fans all over the world • They are still popular today BOB DYLAN • His songs, like Blowin’ in the Wind, and The Times They are a Changin’ were influential • The lyrics of the song were protesting things like war and racial discrimination  WOODSTOCK • Took place in August, 1969 • Was a 4 day event of love, peace, flower power, and drugs • Famous performers like Janis Joplin, The Grateful Dead, and The Who made appearances at Woodstock • This influenced America by inspiring young people to become hippies • Almost everyone who attended Woodstock were hippies 

31. America in the 60’s Population in 1960- 180, 671, 158 Average life span ~ 69.7 years  • Cost of a new home-$16,500 • Cost of a gallon of gas-$0.31  • 

32. The American Family • The typical middle class family consisted of a father, mother, and several children • During the early 60’s the average family was white, but as the decade progressed, more Hispanics and blacks entered America • During the Vietnam war, many of these sons and fathers went to fight, and when they returned were unable to find work • Many teens were rebellious, revolting against authority and refusing to work • However, both president Kennedy and president Johnson had plans to improve America • Kennedy’s New Frontier proposal involved increased government spending on social programs, like more funds on education, and a program to help the poor get jobs • Johnsons proposal, Great Society, included funds to provide preschool education to poor kids, help poor students pay for college, and started the Jobs Corps, which trained young people to get good jobs • Some of the most important laws were Medicare and Medicaid So, the 60’s was a time of many ups and downs, but in general the average American family were not rich, but managed to get by well enough. Women were more independent, children were less obedient, and society was reshaping itself. Without the 1960’s, the world as we know it would be so very, very different.