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The Austral Realm

The Austral Realm. Outline. Defining the realm Land and environment (Physical landscapes, Climate , Tectonic plates, Natural disasters, Population distribution, Demographic structure, Indigenous People, Economy, Standard of Living) Tourism Geography

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The Austral Realm

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  1. The Austral Realm

  2. Outline • Defining the realm • Land and environment (Physical landscapes, Climate, Tectonic plates, Natural disasters, Population distribution, Demographic structure, Indigenous People, Economy, Standard of Living) • Tourism Geography (Australia, New Zealand, Future Issues)

  3. 1. Defining the Realm

  4. Major geographic qualities • Continental dimension • Insular separation • Western cultural heritage • Second least populous realm • Four regions of the realm as result of physical & cultural geography: • Highly urbanized two-part core • Vast desert dominated interior • Two main islands with geographic contrast NZ Australia

  5. 2. Land and Environment

  6. Land and environmentI. Physical Landscapes  Little difference in relief  Mountainous

  7. Land and environment:II. Climate A: Tropical north B: Dry climate, desert C: Hot, mode- rate climate H: Highland climate in Southern Alps

  8. Land and environment:III. Tectonic plates • Australia in centre of own plate: • No earthquakes or volcanoes • NZ at border of two plates: • Earthquakes are common; volcanoes

  9. Land and environment Natural Disasters

  10. Land and EnvironmentIV. Population Distribution • Australia: • Eastern and south- • eastern core area • Second core in south- • west • In between periphery • called outback • 82% in cities • Costal orientation •  “C” Climate & more precipitation

  11. Land and Environmentiv. Population Distribution • North Island: • 75% of population •  warmer, lowland: cities can spread out & intensive farming, • South Island: • Sparse population •  cooler, steep & rugged, infertile soils • 85% in cities/urban areas

  12. Land and environmentv. demographic structure Australia New Zealand • Similar to NZ, therefore:  Immigration http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tWxAOrocIaE

  13. Land and EnvironmentIndigenous People Aborigines (2,5% of population) Maori (15% of population) Problems with health, education, unemployment, poverty and crime More accepted and integrated than Aborigines

  14. land and environment VI. Government Australia New Zealand parliamentary representative democratic monarchy  both: political stability! • federal constitutional monarchy • states and territories • Freedom to manage their own affairs, also tourism • Each state has its own tourism marketing agency

  15. Land and EnvironmentvIII. Economy • Principal Patterns: • Exports raw materials • Based heavily on primary sector activities (agriculture and minerals) • Depends on world markets • Trade links with Asia • Small domestic market

  16. Land and environmentVIII. Economy • half of all NZ is pasture land •  60 million sheep •  8 million cattle • 4.4 million people • chief farming region is the Canterbury Plain on the eastern coast of South Island •  vegetables, cereals, fruits • wool, meat, and dairy products • 66% of the country's exports

  17. Land and EnvironmentVIIII. Standard of Living Australia New Zealand HDI: 6th place • HDI: 2nd place • 5 in Top 10: • 2. Melbourne • 7. Sydney • 8. Perth • 9. Adelaide - 10. Auckland

  18. 3. Tourism Geography • Australia • New Zealand • Future Potential

  19. Australian Tourism Development • Until 1980s: unimportant as holiday destination • 80s and 90s: growth rates for inbound tourism due to promotional efforts of Tourism Australia, hosting the Olympic Games in 2000 & competitive air fares

  20. Demand and Supply of Tourism in Australia • Total visitors: 5.5 Mio visitors (2012)  Largest generator of international tourism in southern hemisphere • Tourism share of GDP: 2,8 % • Source: 1. New Zealand(1.1 Mio) 2. United Kingdom (0,6 Mio) 3. China (0,5 Mio) • VFR is decreasing, holiday tourism gets more important • Change from domestic to international tourism  result of immigration

  21. Tourist attractions

  22. There’s nothing like Australia… • Physical Features: • Sunny climates • Unique wildlife: early separation of landmass • Natural features: coastline with finest beaches & largest coral reef • Vegetation: species diversity, specialized climatic adaptions • 12 world heritage sites designed by UNESCO (e.g. Uluru, Great Barrier Reef, Fraser Island, Blue Mountains, Tasmanian wilderness,…) • Cultural Features: • Urban character (Sydney + Melbourne = 40% of population)

  23. Opportunities for Tourism and many more…

  24. NSW: • Sydney: spectacular setting, varied nightlife, surfing conditions, 2000s Olympics gave tourism boost • Snowy Mountains: ski resort • Hunter Valley: vineyards • Blue Mountains: Scenic forest area, caves, waterfalls • Queensland: • Destination for beach tourism • Gold Coast: highly developed strip of resorts, setting for sporting events & theme parks • Variety of National Parks: birdlife, rainforests • Great Barrier Reef: scuba diving • Specialised islands: exclusive holiday, eco-friendly, honeymoon, young travellers • Victoria: • more variable weather conditions • Rural tourism • Melbourne: cultural & sporting attractions, wide range of retailing & restaurants • Victorian Alps: hiking, skiing, white-water rafting • Great Ocean Road • Reminders of mining heritage • Vineyards • Western Australia: • developing eco-tourism, adventure tourism & its mining heritage • Good surfing beaches • Perth: good base to explore outback • Along the coast: marine wildlife, corals, pearl diving • Tasmania: • Mild oceanic climate, green countryside with own flora & fauna • Mountain & lake scenery: adventure sports • Rainforest • Heritage attractions • Australian Capital Territory: • Canberra: cultural attractions, national institutions • South Australia: • Adelaide: “Festival City” • Vineyards of Barossa & Clare valley • Kangaroo Island: variety of wildlife • Cooper Pedy: opal mining town • Northern Territory: • Darwin: base for exploring regions tourism resources • Aboriginal reserves • Kakadu & Litchfield National Park: wildlife, wetland, aborigine rock art • “Red Centre”: desert, salt lakes & rock formations  Uluru National Park Visitor Flow by state

  25. 100% Pure New Zealand http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXb_QS_rOHw

  26. 100% Pure New Zealand Demand and Supply • 1901: first official tourist organisation • 1970: 100.000 arrivals; 2012: 2,6 Mio arrivals • Attract adventurous type of tourist who is interested in scenery, meeting people and outdoor life • Offers unique resource of uncrowded countryside • Incoming Tourists: - 1/3 from Australia - North Americans (hunting and fishing) - East Asia (skiing & other outdoor activities)

  27. 100% Pure New Zealand • Physical Features: • North Island: volcanic plateau • South Island: mountains with glaciers, snowfields & fjord coastline • Climate favours active types of outdoor recreation • Heavy snowfall on mountains: skiing • Cultural Features: • Maori: important tourist appeal • Resources: • Sightseeing, ecotourism, adventure tourism • Beach tourism & surfing (more to domestic demand)

  28. 100% Middle Earth • Setting of filming of LORD OF THE RINGS

  29. Getting Around • Air: quick, affordable and plentiful • Car & motorcycle: scenic highways & off-road tracks • Bus: extensive and cheap bus service network • Train: rail transport declined, except for scenic routes • Hiking: for only small distances

  30. Tourism Life Cycle Model • Exploration (1973-1974) • Involvement (1973-74 -1983-84) • Development (1983-84 to 2003-04) • Consolidation (2003-04 to 2008) • Stagnation (2008-dependent to the world’s rate)

  31. Future Issues • Great Barrier Reef: • Global warming • Crown-of-thorns starfish damaging • Pollution the • Over-fishing corals • More than 4 Mio arrivals per year • Sustainability: exhausted ground water supplies • Potential conflict between tourists & host community: • Uluru = scared site for Aborigines • For tourists: photo opportunity, objective to be climbed  act of desecration for Aborigines

  32. The Realms Potential • Topography and climate • Many companies offer direct flights today & wide abundance of connecting flights • Rich and varied patter of attractions • Promotion of exotic, unexplored + friendly country  potential enhanced by unexplored nature, unique wildlife, beaches, culture of indigenous, cities with European ambiance  Highest appeal to adventure & nature lover!!!

  33. Sources • De Blij, H. J. & Muller, P. O. (2004). Geography: Realms, regions and concepts, 11thedn. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley & Sons, Inc, pp.530-549. • http://education.randmcnally.com/images/edpub/Austr_Political_Adv.png (10.04.2013) • http://www.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/geg101i/renata/australlecture.htm (10.04.2013) • http://www.about-australia.com/facts/ (09.05.2013) • http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v387/science_boy/the_setting.png?t=1283644234 (09.05.2013) • http://www.about-australia.com/facts/australia-geography/ (13.05.2013) • http://www.cas.unt.edu/~maxey/1200/Chapter%20Notes/AustraCHl11.pdf (13.05.2013) • http://www.slideboom.com/presentations/529559/The-Austral-Realm (13.05.2013) • prezi.com/mqhgb5ea8svr/austral-realm/ (13.05.2013) • http://quizlet.com/11508859/world-geo-final-exam-the-austral-realm-flash-cards/(13.05.2013)

  34. http://fantasea.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/tnsw1086897-397.jpg (20.05.2013) • http://www.genkin.org/gallery/landscapes/beach-ocean-seascapes/the-twelve-apostles-vic/apost-0001.jpg (20.05.2013) • http://www.flightcentre.co.uk/uk-travel-blog/files/2012/01/11-10-26-mjs_gc_gold-coast-12-3.jpg (20.05.2013) • http://www.wallpapershd.biz/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Early-Morning-Over-Perth-Hd-Widescreen-Wallpapers.jpeg (20.05.2013) • http://www.ret.gov.au/tourism/Documents/tra/International%20Visitor%20Survey/IVSMarch2012.pdf (20.05.2013) • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/AustralianVisitorFlowsByState.svg (20.05.2013) • http://www.lonelyplanet.com/competitions/visitaustralia/getting-around.php (21.05.2013) • http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/world-regional-geography-people-places-and-globalization/section_15.html (13.05.2013) • http://www.amsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/68-Aboriginal-Child-Health.png (13.05.2013) • http://www.tbc.school.nz/elearning/localsites/Geography/NZ_popndist_files/Picture%201.png (13.05.2013)

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