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Advanced Multiprocessor and Distributed Systems Overview

jerryburton avatar
jerryburton
36 diapositives · 401 Views · Jan 04, 2020

Explore the latest trends and technologies in multiprocessor, multicomputer, and distributed systems. Learn about hardware, communication software, remote procedure calls, distributed shared memory, middleware, and network protocols.

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  1. Multiple Processor Systems 8.1 Multiprocessors 8.2 Multicomputers 8.3 Distributed systems Chapter 8

  2. Multiprocessor Systems • Continuous need for faster computers • shared memory model • message passing multiprocessor • wide area distributed system

  3. Multiprocessors Definition:A computer system in which two or more CPUs share full access to a common RAM

  4. Multiprocessor Hardware (1) Bus-based multiprocessors

  5. Multiprocessor Hardware (2) • UMA Multiprocessor using a crossbar switch

  6. Multiprocessor Hardware (3) • UMA multiprocessors using multistage switching networks can be built from 2x2 switches (a) 2x2 switch (b) Message format

  7. Multiprocessor Hardware (4) • Omega Switching Network

  8. Multicomputers • Definition:Tightly-coupled CPUs that do not share memory • Also known as • cluster computers • clusters of workstations (COWs)

  9. Interconnection topologies (a) single switch (b) ring (c) grid (d) double torus (e) cube (f) hypercube Multicomputer Hardware (1)

  10. Multicomputer Hardware (2) • Switching scheme • store-and-forward packet switching

  11. User Level Communication Software (a) Blocking send call • Minimum services provided • send and receive commands • These are blocking (synchronous) calls (b) Nonblocking send call

  12. Remote Procedure Call (1) • Steps in making a remote procedure call • the stubs are shaded gray

  13. Remote Procedure Call (2) Implementation Issues • Cannot pass pointers • call by reference becomes copy-restore (but might fail) • Weakly typed languages • client stub cannot determine size • Not always possible to determine parameter types • Cannot use global variables • may get moved to remote machine

  14. Distributed Shared Memory (1) • Note layers where it can be implemented • hardware • operating system • user-level software

  15. Distributed Shared Memory (2) Replication (a) Pages distributed on 4 machines (b) CPU 0 reads page 10 (c) CPU 1 reads page 10

  16. Distributed Shared Memory (3) • False Sharing • Must also achieve sequential consistency

  17. Distributed Systems (1) Comparison of three kinds of multiple CPU systems

  18. Distributed Systems (2) Achieving uniformity with middleware

  19. Network Hardware (1) Computer • Ethernet (a) classic Ethernet (b) switched Ethernet (a) (b)

  20. Network Hardware (2) The Internet

  21. Network Services and Protocols (1) Network Services

  22. Network Services and Protocols (2) • Internet Protocol • Transmission Control Protocol • Interaction of protocols

  23. Document-Based Middleware (1) • The Web • a big directed graph of documents

  24. Document-Based Middleware (2) How the browser gets a page • Asks DNS for IP address • DNS replies with IP address • Browser makes connection • Sends request for specified page • Server sends file • TCP connection released • Browser displays text • Browser fetches, displays images

  25. File System-Based Middleware (1) • Transfer Models (a) upload/download model (b) remote access model (b) (a)

  26. File System-Based Middleware (2) Naming Transparency (b) Clients have same view of file system (c) Alternatively, clients with different view

  27. File System-Based Middleware (3) • Semantics of File sharing • (a) single processor gives sequential consistency • (b) distributed system may return obsolete value

  28. File System-Based Middleware (4) • AFS – Andrew File System • workstations grouped into cells • note position of venus and vice • Client's view

  29. Shared Object-Based Middleware (1) • Main elements of CORBA based system • Common Object Request Broker Architecture

  30. Shared Object-Based Middleware (2) • Scaling to large systems • replicated objects • flexibility • Globe • designed to scale to a billion users • a trillion objects around the world

  31. Shared Object-Based Middleware (3) Globe structured object

  32. Shared Object-Based Middleware (4) • A distributed shared object in Globe • can have its state copied on multiple computers at once

  33. Shared Object-Based Middleware (5) Internal structure of a Globe object

  34. Coordination-Based Middleware (1) • Linda • independent processes • communicate via abstract tuple space • Tuple • like a structure in C, record in Pascal • Operations: out, in, read, eval

  35. Coordination-Based Middleware (2) Publish-Subscribe architecture

  36. Coordination-Based Middleware (3) • Jini - based on Linda model • devices plugged into a network • offer, use services • Jini Methods • read • write • take • notify