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ARGUMENTATION

ARGUMENTATION. PROPOSING AND SUPPORTING CLAIMS. Intellectual traditions. Classical humanism Social reconstructivism Progressivism. Hungarian and North American writers.

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ARGUMENTATION

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  1. ARGUMENTATION PROPOSING AND SUPPORTING CLAIMS

  2. Intellectual traditions • Classical humanism • Social reconstructivism • Progressivism

  3. Hungarian and North American writers

  4. According to other opinions, however, there is „no place” in society for those who cannot live a full life. Those who are unable to work and live on state benefits only hinder social progress. In fact, they promote the spiritual development of society. From them, we can learn to accept differences, and help those in need. Of course, it would be better for them as well if it wasn’t necessary. Maybe we could rather help them by reprogramming their genetic material. We cannot be sure if it will ever be possible.

  5. Requirements of Anglo-American argumentative rhetoric Listener/reader-friendly style • a confident opinion statement, • a primary focus on justifying this claim, • strongly linked evidence/reasoning, • clear connections, linking, • reservations and alternative opinions are evaluated in the light of the author’s opinion, • conclusions drawn for the audience.

  6. Structural features of argumentation: Aristotelian rhetoric • 1. Introduction • - obtaining the good-will and sympathy of the audience • - naming the main theme or proposition • - naming the subthemes • - narration aiming to establish a positive atmosphere • 2. Body • - elaboration of the theme • - argumentation • 1. proving • refutation • 2. proving • refutation • - summary • 3. Conclusion

  7. Ethos • Pathos • Logos • A variety of genres

  8. Discourse organisation • Through Argumentation Thesis: Genetic engineering will benefit people. Support 1: Genetic engineering helps prevent diseases. Support 2: Genetic engineering enables parents to choose the sex of their children.

  9. Counter Argumentation Antithesis: Some say that we won’t be able to enjoy the advantages, as people will not respect the limits of this technology. Evaluation: I believe that with appropriate legal measures and awareness raising it can be kept under control, and Thesis: genetic engineering will benefit the human kind.

  10. Argument schemata • reasoning: the combination of ideas according to a certain logic • evidence: opinions, facts, figures, common beliefs to support a viewpoint • appeal to the audience: involving the audience through addressing, questions, appealing to common knowledge

  11. Reasoning • Comparison/contrast “If all the people are the same,than we are more likely to be wiped out by a disease or virus. It was the same in the case of the Irish potato famine: it happened because almost all of the potatoes in Ireland were genetically the same and were infected.” • Cf. dramatic contrast “Ten years ago we had a reputation of excellence. Today we are in danger of losing reputation.”

  12. Cause-effect “I saw on a Discovery Magazine Billboard a picture of a baby with the number 120 next to it implying the child's life expectancy, now that is a little scary. As we start making a healthier race and they keep living longer, we will way overpopulate and starve everyone out.” • Phenomenon - symptom “In addition to medicine, genetic engineering could also be useful in plant biology. Imagine growing huge foods, big enough to feed entire families.”

  13. Evidence • Other’s words, quotes “… many people are worried that GE will be carried beyond healthy limits.” “According to Shakespeare, an orator always performs two speeches simultaneously: one that the audience can see and another that they can hear. „

  14. Personal evidence “I have worked summers on organic farms and have felt the financial pain of small-scale farming.” • Real-life examples “Genetic engineering fulfils what the Nazis wanted in World War ll – to enable certain human beings to be perfect.”

  15. Facts and figures “30% of the interviewees said that they had not had any systematic training in essay writing previously.” • Fiction “Genetic engineering can easily lead to the human selection described in the film ‘Gattaca’.”

  16. Communal knowledge/experience “ As we all know, we are already overpopulated, but we would be jamming people into the tightest places because there would be no room.”

  17. Appeal to the audience Initiating involvement through • finding common ground, • addressing the audience directly with “we” and “you”, • using rhetorical questions, • initiating real interaction through questions.

  18. Conclusion • Capture audience through different channels: - justify yourself - appeal to logic - appeal to emotions - involve them

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