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The Heart

The Heart. The Cardiovascular System. Heart Chambers. Atria – two upper chambers (receiving); R & L Ventricles – two lower chambers (discharging); R & L Myocardium – muscle tissue (middle) Endocardium – lining of heart chambers (inner)

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The Heart

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  1. The Heart The Cardiovascular System

  2. Heart Chambers • Atria – two upper chambers (receiving); R & L • Ventricles – two lower chambers (discharging); R & L • Myocardium – muscle tissue (middle) • Endocardium – lining of heart chambers (inner) • Epicardium – outer covering of heart tissue (outer); also called pericardium

  3. Heart Valves • Tricuspid – opening of right atrium into ventricle • Bicuspid (mitral) – opening of left atrium into ventricle • Pulmonary semilunar – beginning of pulmonary artery • Aortic semilunar – beginning of aorta

  4. Blood Flow • Venous blood enters the right atrium through superior/inferior vena cava • From right atrium through tricuspid valve to right ventricle • From right ventricle through pulmonary semilunar valve to pulmonary artery to lungs • Blood from lungs to left atrium, through bicuspid valve to left ventricle • Pumped through the aortic semilunar valve into aorta and distributed to body

  5. Heartbeat • Cardiac cycle: • Contraction called systole • Relaxation called diastole • 72 beats per minute • Each cycle 0.8 seconds long • Cardiac output is 5 L per minute per ventricle

  6. Heart Sounds • “Lub-dup” • First sound (lub) caused by vibration and closure of av valves during contraction of ventricles • Second sound (dup) caused by closure of semilunar valves during relaxation of ventricles • http://depts.washington.edu/physdx/heart/demo.html

  7. Combining Forms • Aort/o - aorta • Atri/o - atrium • Cardi/o - heart • Valv/o, valvul/o - valve • Ventricul/o - ventricle • Ech/o - sound • Electr/o – electrical activity

  8. Prefixes • Brady- = slow

  9. Suffixes • -ac = pertaining to • -apheresis = removal • -graph = instrument used to record; record • -odynia = pain • -penia = abnormal reduction in number • -poiesis = formation • -sclerosis = hardening

  10. Disease/disorder Terms (NBFWP) • Angina pectoris – chest pain occurring when there is insufficient blood supply to heart • Arrhythmia – abnormality of hearts normal rhythmic pattern • Atrial fibrillation – rapid electrical impulses from the atria • Cardiac arrest – cessation of cardiac output and circulation

  11. Disease/disorder Terms (NBFWP) • Congestive heart failure – inability of heart to pump enough blood through body to supply tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen • Mitral valve stenosis – narrowing of mitral valve from scarring • Myocardial infarction – death of a portion of the myocardium (aka. Heart attack) • Rheumatic heart disease – damage to the muscle or valves caused by rheumatic fever

  12. Surgical Terms (NBFWP) • Atrial fibrillation ablation – procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger a-fib are destroyed by radio waves • Cardiac pacemaker – battery powered to shock heart into normal rhythym

  13. Diagnostic Terms (NBFWP) • Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) – ultrasound examining cardiac function by using probe inserted in esophagus

  14. Laboratory Tests • C-reactive protein – elevation = inflammation in body • Creatinine phosphokinase – used to identify myocardial infarction • Homocystine – measures increased risk of cardiovascular disease • Lipid profile – measure amount of lipids in blood • Troponin – diagnose myocardial infarction (from necrosis of heart tissues)

  15. Complementary Terms • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation – artificial ventilation and external cardiac massage • Defibrillation – application of electric shock through chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm • Fibrillation – rapid, contraction in the atria and ventricles • Heart murmur – humming sound of cardiac or vascular origin

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