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4 BIG THEMES:

4 BIG THEMES:. 1: languages begin/evolve in geographic isolation . 2: languages are always constantly in flux, changing, dynamic. 3: languages grow and become dominant over others through POWER (economic, military, political, cultural) 4: All languages begin as small and local.

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4 BIG THEMES:

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  1. 4 BIG THEMES: 1: languages begin/evolve in geographic isolation. 2: languages are always constantly in flux, changing, dynamic. 3: languages grow and become dominant over others through POWER (economic, military, political, cultural) 4: All languages begin as small and local.

  2. Global English 2008: 500 years of Power

  3. The origins and development of English • Pre 400s AD – Celtic languages dominated the Island of Britain • 400s AD – Germanic invasions push Celtic speakers to western fringes of Britain; Germanic speakers dominate the island from this point forward – LITTLE MIXING with Celts – ISOLATION FROM OTHER GERMANS • 900s AD – Viking invaders – HYBRIDIZATION • 1066 – Norman (French) conquest of Britian – HYBRIDIZTION • Creation of modern English is the product of this isolation and hybridization.

  4. The Origins of English: when it was local .

  5. Another example of the role of ISOLATION: Dialects in the Eastern U.S.

  6. New England, Eastern (1) This is one of the most distinctive of all the American dialects. R's are often dropped, but an extra R is added to words that end with a vowel. A is pronounced AH so that we get "Pahk the cah in Hahvahd yahd" and "Pepperidge Fahm remembuhs." • Boston Urban (2) Like many big cities, Boston has its own dialects that are governed more by social factors like class and ethnicity than by geographic location. Greater Boston Area is the most widely spoken and is very similar to Eastern New England. Brahmin is spoken by the upper aristocratic class like Mr. Howell on Gilligan's Island. Central City Area is what most of us think of as being the "Boston Accent." In the last few years, Saturday Night Live has featured this dialect among a group of rowdy teenagers who like to videotape themselves. Also think of Cliff on Cheers, the only character on this Boston-based show to actually speak a Boston dialect.

  7. Branches of Indo-European • Germanic branch • Indo-Iranian branch • Balto-Slavic branch • Romance branch • Origin and diffusion of Indo-European • Kurgan and Anatolian theories

  8. Germanic Branch of Indo-European Fig. 5-6: The Germanic branch today is divided into North and West Germanic groups. English is in the West Germanic group.

  9. Romance Branch of Indo-European Fig. 5-8: The Romance branch includes three of the world’s 12 most widely spoken languages (Spanish, French, and Portuguese), as well as a number of smaller languages and dialects.

  10. South Asian Languages and Language Families Fig. 5-7: Indo-European is the largest of four main language families in South Asia. The country of India has 18 official languages.

  11. Kurgan Theory of Indo-European Origin Fig. 5-9: In the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the Kurgan hearth north of the Caspian Sea, beginning about 7,000 years ago.

  12. Anatolian Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin Fig. 5-10: In the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Turkey before the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expansion.

  13. Major Language FamiliesPercentage of World Population

  14. Branches of Indo-European • Germanic branch • Indo-Iranian branch • Balto-Slavic branch • Romance branch • Origin and diffusion of Indo-European • Kurgan and Anatolian theories

  15. Language Families of the World

  16. Language Diversity and Uniformity • Preserving language diversity • Hebrew: reviving extinct languages • Celtic: preserving endangered languages • Multilingual states • Isolated languages • Global dominance of English • English as a lingua franca • Diffusion to other languages

  17. Language Divisions in Belgium Fig. 5-16: There has been much tension in Belgium between Flemings, who live in the north and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect, and Walloons, who live in the south and speak French.

  18. Language Areas in Switzerland Fig. 5-17: Switzerland remains peaceful with four official languages and a decentralized government structure.

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