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LIFE AT THE TURN OF THE 20 TH CENTURY

LIFE AT THE TURN OF THE 20 TH CENTURY. THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN AMERICA. SCIENCE AND URBAN LIFE. By the turn of the 20 th century 4/10 Americans lived in cities Urbanization Issue Demands Technological Advances Communication Transportation Space (not NASA). Artist Annie Bandez.

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LIFE AT THE TURN OF THE 20 TH CENTURY

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  1. LIFE AT THE TURN OF THE 20TH CENTURY THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN AMERICA

  2. SCIENCE AND URBAN LIFE • By the turn of the 20th century • 4/10 Americans lived in cities • Urbanization Issue Demands Technological Advances • Communication • Transportation • Space (not NASA) Artist Annie Bandez

  3. SKYSCRAPERS Skyscrapers emerged after two critical inventions: Elevators Steel Skeletons (hold weight) Famous examples include; Daniel Burnham’s Flatiron Building in NYC, Louis Sullivan’s Wainwright Building in St. Louis The skyscraper was America’s greatest contribution to architecture *Solved the issue of how to best use limited and expensive space* Flatiron Building - 1902

  4. Another view of Burnham’s Flatiron Building

  5. ELECTRIC TRANSIT • Changes in transportation allowed cities to spread outward • Intricate Transportation Networks • From outer neighborhoods to downtown offices and stores • Electric Streetcars (Trolley Cars)

  6. “EL’S” AND SUBWAYS • A few large cities moved their streetcars far above street level, creating elevated or “el” trains • Other cities built subways by moving their rail lines underground

  7. BRIDGES & PARKS • Steel-cable suspension bridges • Brooklyn Bridge • Crought cities’ sections closer • Urban planners designed landscaped areas & parks • Frederick Law Olmsted • Instrumental in drawing up plans for Central park, NYC Central Park is an oasis among Manhattan’s skyscrapers

  8. CITY PLANNING: CHICAGO • Daniel Burnham • Oversaw transformation of Chicago’s lakefront from swampy wasteland to elegant parks strung along Lake Michigan • Today Chicago’s lakefront is one of the most beautiful shorelines in North America

  9. Journal Prompt • Explain the quote and how it can apply to you… “Success is not all about how you start but also how you finish…that is the difference.”

  10. NEW TECHNOLOGIES • New developments in communication brought the nation closer • Advances in printing, aviation, and photography helped speed the transfer of information

  11. A REVOLUTION IN PRINTING • By 1890, the literacy rate in the U.S. was nearly 90% • American mills produced huge quantities of cheap paper from wood pulp • Electrical web-perfecting presses printed on both sides of paper at the same time • Faster production and lower costs made newspapers and magazines more affordable (most papers sold for 1 cent)

  12. Literacy Test Can you raed tihs? Olny 55 plepoe out of 100 can. i cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno't mtaetr in waht oerdr the ltteres in a wrod are, the olny iproamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Azanmig huh? If you can read this, your brain is 50% faster than those who can't…at least supposedly

  13. AIRPLANES • In the early 1900s, brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright, experimented with engines and aircrafts • They commissioned a four-cylinder internal combustion engine, chose a propeller, and built a biplane • On December 17, 1903 they flew their plane for 12 seconds covering 120 feet • Within two years the brothers were making 30 minute flights • By 1920, the U.S. was using airmail flights regularly Actual photo of Wright Brother’s first flight 12/17/03

  14. PHOTOGRAPHY EXPLOSION • Before 1880, photography was a professional activity • Subjects could not move and the film had to be developed immediately • George Eastman invented lighter weight equipment and more versatile film • In 1888, Eastman introduced his Kodak Camera • The $25 camera came with 100-picture roll of film 1888 Kodak

  15. SECTION 2: EXPANDING PUBLIC EDUCATION • Between 1865 and 1895, states passed laws requiring… • 12 to 16 weeks of annual education for students ages 8-14 • Curriculum was poor and the teachers were usually not qualified • Number of kindergartens expanded • 1880- 200 schools • 1900- 3,000 schools

  16. HIGH SCHOOL ENROLLMENT SOARS • High schools expanded their curriculum to include science, civics and social studies • By 1900 • 500,000 teen-agers were enrolled in high schools Elroy High School Photo 1906

  17. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION • African Americans were mostly excluded from secondary education • In 1890 less than 1% attended high school • By 1910 that figured had reached only 3% African American school in the south about 1920

  18. EDUCATION FOR IMMIGRANTS • Unlike African Americans, immigrants were encouraged to go to school • Most immigrants sent their children to public schools • Also, thousands of adult immigrants attended night schools to learn English

  19. EXPANDING HIGHER ED • In 1900, less than 3% of America’s youth attended college • Between 1880 and 1920 college enrollments more than quadrupled • Professional schools were established for law and medicine

  20. AFRICAN AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES FORMED • After the Civil War, thousands of African Americans pursued higher education despite being excluded from white institutions • Blacks founded Howard, Fisk, and Tuskegee Universities (founded by Booker T. Washington) • W.E.B. Dubois founded the Niagara Movement, which sought liberal arts educations for all blacks W.E.B. Dubois

  21. SECTION 3: SEGREGATION AND DISCRIMINATION • By the turn of the 20th century, Southern States had adopted a broad system of legal discrimination • Blacks had to deal with voting restrictions, Jim Crow laws, Supreme Court set-backs, and physical violence

  22. WHAT IS DISCRIMINATION? • Discrimination involves: • Beliefs : "This group of people is inferior because" • Emotions : "I hate this group of people." • Actions : "I will deny opportunity/hurt/kill members of this group."

  23. VOTING RESTRICTIONS • All Southern states imposed new voting restrictions and denied legal equality to African Americans • Some states limited the vote to those who could read, other states had a poll tax which had to be paid prior to voting

  24. JIM CROW LAWS Southern states passed segregation laws to separate white and black people in public and private facilities These laws came to be known as “Jim Crow Laws”, named after an old minstrel song Racial segregation was put into effect in schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems throughout the South

  25. PLESSY v. FERGUSON Eventually a legal case reached the U.S. Supreme Court to test the constitutionality of segregation In 1896, in Plessy v. Ferguson the Supreme Court ruled that the segregation of races was legal and did not violate the 14th Amendment

  26. RACE RELATIONS - 1900 • Blacks faced legal discrimination as well as informal rules and customs • Meant to humiliate • Whites never shaking the hand of an African America • Blacks had to yield the sidewalk to whites • Blacks also had to remove their hats in the presence of whites

  27. VIOLENCE • African Americans who did not follow the racial etiquette could face severe punishment or death • Between 1882-1892, more than 1,400 black men and women were shot, burned, or lynched • Lynching peaked in the 1880s and 90s but continued well into the 20th century

  28. MAJOR AREAS OF LYNCHING

  29. DISCRIMINATION IN THE NORTH • While most African Americans lived in the segregated South, many blacks had migrated to the North in hopes of better jobs & equality • However, the North had its own brand of racism as blacks got low paying jobs and lived in segregated neighborhoods

  30. DISCRIMINATION IN THE WEST • Discrimination in the west was most often directed against Mexican and Asian immigrants • Mexicans were often forced in Debt Peonage – a system of forced labor due to debt • Asians were increasingly excluded from mainstream society Anti-Asian Cartoon

  31. SECTION 4: DAWN OF A MASS CULTURE • Many middle class Americans fought off city congestion and dull industrial work by • Amusement parks • Bicycling • Tennis • Spectator sports • American leisure was developing into a multi-million dollar industry

  32. AMUSEMENT PARKS • Chicago, NYC and other cities began setting aside land for parks • Constructed on the outskirts of cities • These parks had picnic grounds and a variety of rides • (No loops yet) Coney Island was America’s most famous amusement park in the late 19th century

  33. BICYCLING & TENNIS • 1885- Introduction of the “safety bike” • Americans increasingly enjoyed biking • By 1890 • 312 companies made over 10,000,000 bikes On the right is the “safety bike” – much easier and safer to ride

  34. SPECTATOR SPORTS • Americans not only participated in new sports, but became avid fans of spectator sports • Baseball and boxing became profitable businesses 1897 Baseball team picture Kansas State University

  35. NEWSPAPERS • Mass-production printing techniques led to the publication of millions of books, magazines, and newspapers • Sensational Writing • Joseph Pulitzer • William Randolph Hearst Hearst (above) and Pulitzer initiated what was known as “Yellow Journalism”

  36. Characteristics of Yellow Journalism included huge, sensational, exaggerated headlines

  37. Some contend that Hearst and Pulitzer’s Yellow Journalism was responsible for the Spanish-American War in 1898

  38. PROMOTING FINE ARTS • By 1900, free circulating Public libraries numbered in the thousands • By 1900, most major cities had art galleries • In the early 20th century, the Ashcan School of American Art painted urban life This portrait was done by Robert Henri, who led the Ashcan School

  39. ASHCAN SCHOOL Title: Dempsey and Firpo, 1924 Artist: George Wesley Bellows

  40. ASHCAN SCHOOL Unsigned work, 1930

  41. POPULAR FICTION • “Dime” novels were popular & inexpensive • Most focused on adventure tales and heroes of the west • Some readers preferred a more realistic stories • Authors Mark Twain, Jack London, and Willa Cather

  42. GROWING CONSUMERISM • Beginnings of the shopping center, department and chain stores, and of modern advertising

  43. THE DEPARTMENT STORE • Marshall Field of Chicago • 1st department store to America • Motto was “Give the lady what she wants” • Also pioneered the “bargain basement” concept Marshall Fields has been around for almost 150 years

  44. CHAIN STORES • In the 1870s, F.W. Woolworth found that if he offered an item at a low price, “the consumer would purchase it on the spur of the moment” • By 1911, the Woolworth chain had 596 stores and sold $1,000,000 per week

  45. ADVERTISING • Expenditures for advertising was under $10 million a year in 1865, but increased to $95 million by 1900 • Ads appeared in newspapers, magazines and on billboards

  46. CATALOGS AND RFD • Montgomery Ward and Sears were two pioneers in catalog sales • By 1910, 10 million Americans shopped by mail • In 1896 the Post Office introduced a rural free delivery (RFD) system that brought packages directly to every home

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