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The Heart

The Heart. Dr. Anderson - GCIT. The Heart -Function. To pump blood around the body Delivers nutrients and O 2 to cells Enables blood to radiate heat via convection/conduction Homogenizes blood. Heart Orientation.

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The Heart

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  1. The Heart Dr. Anderson - GCIT

  2. The Heart -Function • To pump blood around the body • Delivers nutrients and O2 to cells • Enables blood to radiate heat via convection/conduction • Homogenizes blood

  3. Heart Orientation • Located in the mediastinum – the median cavity of the thorax – from the 2nd rib to the 5th intercostal space

  4. Heart Anatomy - Pericardium • Pericardium – double-walled sac that covers the heart • 2 layers • Fibrous pericardium – protects the heart, anchors to surrounding tissues (e.g. diaphragm) • Serous pericardium • Parietal Layer – lines internal surface of the fibrous pericardium • Visceral layer (epicardium) – part of heart wall (covers myocardium)

  5. Pericardium

  6. Pericarditis • Inflammation of the pericardium (usually due to infection) • May prevent heart from beating efficiently in severe cases (cardiac tamponade)

  7. Heart Wall Anatomy • Epicardium – thin covering of tissue (visceral layer of pericardium) • Myocardium – the muscle tissue of the heart, interlace in a spiral pattern around heart • Interspersed with connective tissue (collagen) that acts as an insulator to e- charge, limiting action potential to specific pathways

  8. Endocardium • Layer of squamous endothelium that lines the inside surface of the heart • Very slick surface • Continuous with tunica media in blood vessels

  9. External Anatomy of the Heart • 4 Chambers • 2 Atria (superior aspect) • 2 Ventricles (inferior aspect) • Heart “Grooves” • Coronary sulcus – encircles the boundary between atria and ventricles • Interventricular Sulcus – Cradles the Anterior Interventricular artery and great cardiac vein

  10. Heart Internal Anatomy • Atria – Receiving chambers, separated by the inter-atrial septum • Ventricles – Sending chambers, separated by the interventricular septum Septum

  11. Blood Flow Through the Heart – Right Atrium • Receives blood from: • Superior Vena Cava – collects blood from body above the level of the diaphragm • Inferior Vena Cava – collects blood from body below the level of the diaphragm • Coronary Sinus – collects blood from cardiac circulation

  12. Right Ventricle • Receives blood from right atrium and pumps it to lungs via the pulmonary artery (left and right branches)

  13. Left Atrium • Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins, sends to left ventricle

  14. Left Ventricle • Receives blood from right atrium, pumps blood out to body cells via the aorta • Most heavily muscled of the heart chambers • Why?

  15. Coronary Circulation • Coronary Arteries • Arise from base of aorta and encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus • Critical in supplying myocardium with O2, food and in removing wastes

  16. Left Coronary Artery • Left Coronary Artery – Branches into • Anterior interventricular artery • Supplies interventricular septum and ventricles • Circumflex Artery • Supplies left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle

  17. Right Coronary Artery • Supplies right side of heart and branches into • Right marginal artery – serves lateral right side of heart • Posterior interventricular Artery – serves posterior ventricle walls

  18. Cardiac Veins • Collects blood from myocardium and merge to form the cardiac sinus (empties into right atrium) • Great – anterior interventricular sulcus • Middle – Posterior interventricular sulcus • Small – Right inferior margin

  19. Myocardial Infarction (MI) a.k.a.Heart Attack • The myocardium needs a tremendous amount of resources (glucose, O2, etc.) to keep beating • Coronary circulation can get blocked by damage or fatty deposits (plaque) • If flow of blood is prevented long enough, the heart muscle itself can die, reducing or eliminating the heart’s ability to pump blood

  20. Heart Valves • 4 Valves in the heart prevent backflow of blood • Atrioventricular valves – located between atria and ventricles • Semilunar valves – located between ventricles and arteries • Valves are NOT under muscular control, they only close due to the differences in pressure created during the cardiac cycle

  21. Atrioventricular Valves • Right AV valve – composed of three flaps of endocardium (tricuspid valve) • Left AV valve – composed of two flaps of endocardium (mitral valve or bicuspid valve)

  22. Semilunar Valves • Aortic Valve – prevents blood flow back into left ventricle after contraction • Pulmonary Valve - prevents blood flow back into right ventricle after contraction

  23. Valve Connections • The flaps of tissue (endocardium) that make up the AV valves are connected to the muscular walls of the heart • Chordae tendineae– chords of connective tissue (collagen) that attach to the “ventricle-side” of the AV valves • Papillary muscles – Connect chords to the ventricle wall and maintain chord tension

  24. Valve Reinforcement • The ventricles produce a tremendous amount of blood pressure • What prevents the valves from “blowing out”?

  25. Heart Murmurs • Valves do not close properly or open fully • Incompetent Valves – valve does not close properly, leading to blood backflow (prolapse) • Stenosis – valve narrowing – makes the heart work harder to push blood through a smaller opening

  26. The Heart “Pacemaker” • In order to effectively pump blood, the heart needs to contract with a rhythm – alternating contractions between atria and ventricles • How is this accomplished?

  27. Autorythmic Cells (Centers) • Initiate their own contraction of the heart muscle • Is that it?

  28. Autorhythmic Centers

  29. Autorhythmic Cells in the Heart • SinoatrialNode – (Right atrial wall) • Atrioventricular Node (just above tricuspid valve) • Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His) (superior part of ventricular septum) • Right and left bundle branches (in ventricular septum) • Purkinje Fibers (from ventricular septum to heart apex and around to ventricular walls)

  30. Rhythms • Pacemakers (nodes) follow a hierarchy in setting the rhythm of heart depolarization • Each node (bundle of autorhythmic cells) has its own rhythm • E.g. - Sinoatrialnode drives heart rate at ~75 bpm

  31. Arrhythmias – Irregular Heartbeat • Pacemakers follow a hierarchy in setting the rhythm of depolarization • Each node (bundle of autorhythmic cells) has its own rhythm • Occasionally, this hierarchy can be upset, SA node may be damaged or malfunctioning • AV node – only 50 bpm (junctional rhythm) • AV bundle and Purkinje fibers (30 bpm)

  32. Fibrillation – out of phase contractions • “Squirming bag of worms” • Out of phase contractions means that there is no coordinated movement and thus no efficient blood flow • Can be “reset” by shocking the heart (defibrillator) to depolarize the entire heart, causing the SA node to restore rhythm

  33. Heart Block • Damage to the AV node prevents SA impulses from reaching ventricles • The ventricles then beat at their intrinsic rhythm (~30 bpm) • Pacemakers are inserted to reestablish the connection and restore functional rhythm

  34. Extrinsic Innervation of the Heart • Autonomic Nervous system modifies the heartbeat set by the autorhythmic cells • Cardioacceleratory Center – regulated by sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system • CardioinhibitoryCenter – regulated by parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

  35. Monitoring the Heart (pg 680) • Electrocardiograph (EKG) – can monitor and record action potentials of the heart as it beats • P wave – depolarization of the pacemaker cells (the SA node) • QRS complex – Recording of ventricular depolarization • T wave – Ventricular repolarization • P-Q interval – time between atrial and ventricular excitation • S-T segment – beginning of ventricular depolarization to the end of repolarization

  36. The QRS Wave

  37. Heart Sounds • Lub-dub! • First sound in the cycle is when the atrio-ventricular valves (AVs) close • Ventricular pressure higher than atrial pressure • Second sound occurs as the semilunar valves (SLs) close • Aortic SL valve slightly before the pulmonary SL valve

  38. Heart Murmurs • May be normal in older and younger people • Can also signify a “leaky valve” • Failure to fully close = incompetent • Swishing sound is heard • Failure to completely open = stenotic • High pitched or gurgling sound is heard

  39. Cardiac Cycle • Systole – contraction period • Atrial and ventricular • Diastole – relaxation period • Atrial and ventricular • Important to understand!

  40. Mechanical Events of the Heart: Ventricular Filling (Step 1) • Blood flows passively through the atria into the ventricles via the open AV valves • Aortic and pulmonary valves are closed • Atria contract, pushing blood into ventricles • Ventricles are at end of diastole, and fully relaxed to receive blood from atria

  41. Mechanical Events of the Heart: Ventricular Systole (Step 2) • Atria relax and ventricles begin to contract • AV valves snap shut • Ventricular pressure rises, overcoming the pressure in the arteries and blood flows out of the heart (SL valves are forced open) • Atria are relaxed and filling with blood

  42. Mechanical Events of the Heart: Isovolumetric Relaxation (Step 3) • Ventricles relax and ventricular pressure drops • Remaining pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery closes the SL valves • As pressure from blood in atria increases, AV valves open, refilling the ventricles with blood

  43. Cardiac Output • Cardiac Output - The amount of blood moved by the heart in one minute in each ventricle • Stroke Volume (SV)– Amount of blood pumped out by one ventricle during each contraction (~70 ml) • Cardiac Output (CO) = Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV) • Let’s do an experiment!

  44. Stroke Volume Regulation • Stroke volume is the difference in the volume left in a ventricle at diastole (end diastolic volume or EDV) minus the blood left in a ventricle at the end of systole (end systolic volume or ESV) • SV = EDV – ESV • Can be affected by preload, contractility and afterload

  45. Stroke Volume Factors • Preload – the degree to which cardiac muscle cells are stretched just before they contract • Determined by • Maximum # of active cross-bridge attachments between actin and myosin • The force of contraction is maximal • In the heart this is determined by venous return – the amount of blood extending the ventricles prior to contraction.

  46. Stroke Volume Factors • Because cardiac muscle is normally shorter than optimal length, stretching cells can produce a huge increase in contractive force • Increases in ventricular volume = increase in stroke volume • Increase in ventricular volume caused by • Exercise • Resting • Decrease caused by • Hemorrhage • Tachycardia

  47. Stroke Volume Factors • Contractility - the contractile strength of a muscle at a certain length • Contractility is increased by greater Ca2+ influx into the cytoplasm from extracellular fluid and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) • Increased contractility results in a lower end systolic volume (ESV) • Contractility can be increased by • Sympathetic stimulation • Norepinephrine release (hormones!)

  48. Stroke Volume Factors • Afterload - The arterial pressure that must be overcome for the ventricles to eject blood • Pressure required by the heart ventricles to “open the door” of the aortic and pulmonary (semilunar) valves due to blood pressure • Pressure in aorta is about 10x the pressure in the pulmonary artery • Usually only a problem in people with hypertension (reduction in stroke volume)

  49. Heart Rate Regulation • Heart rate (and thus cardiac output) is relatively constant in healthy individuals, but can be affected by: • Factors that increase HR and CO are positive chronotropic factors, while those that decrease are negative chronotropic factors

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