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Bacteria

Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotes that lack a nucleus and vary in size from 1 to 5 micrometers, which is significantly smaller than most eukaryotic cells. Classified into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, they thrive in diverse environments, including harsh conditions. Bacterial classification relies on cell wall composition, shape (bacilli, cocci, spirilla), and energy acquisition methods. While most bacteria are harmless and beneficial, some are pathogens causing diseases. Bacteria also play vital roles in food production, medicine, and environmental cleaning.

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Bacteria

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  1. Bacteria

  2. WHAT IS A PROKARYOTE? • SINGLE CELLED ORGANISM • LACK A NUCLEUS • VERY SMALL (1-5 MICROMETERS) • MOST EUKARYOTIC CELLS ARE 10-100 MICROMETERS

  3. BACTERIA • WERE CLASSIFIED IN A SINGLE KINGDOM (MONERA) • NOW DIVIDED INTO 2 GROUPS • EUBACTERIA • ARCHAEBACTERIA

  4. EUBACTERIA • LARGEST OF THE 2 GROUPS • GREAT VARIETY • HAS A CELL WALL • LIVE EVERYWHERE

  5. ARCHAEBACTERIA • LIVE IN HARSH ENVIRONMENTS • EX. GREAT SALT LAKES; HOT SPRINGS; VOLCANOES; ETC • INCLUDES METHANOGENS: PRODUCE METHANE GAS • DNA IS DIFFERENT FROM EUBACTERIA (REASON FOR BEING SEPERATED INTO DIFFERENT KINGDOMS)

  6. IDENTIFICATION • CAN IDENTIFY BACTERIA BY • CHEMICAL NATURE OF CELL WALL • FORM OF LOCOMOTION • SHAPE • HOW ENERGY IS OBTAINED

  7. SHAPE(PAGE 519) • BACILLI: ROD SHAPED • COCCI: SPHERICAL • SPIRILLA: SPIRAL OR CORKSCREW SHAPED

  8. LOCOMOTION • FLAGELLA: WHIP LIKE TAIL • SNAKE/SPIRAL MOVEMENT • GLIDE ON A SECRETED SLIME LAYER • SOME DO NOT MOVE

  9. CELL WALL • ALL BACTERIA HAS PEPTIDOGLYCAN (MADE OF SUGAR) • GRAM STAINING USED TO DETERMINE TYPE (WITH OR WITHOUT A LIPID LAYER) • GRAM POSITIVE: LARGE AMT OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN, DARK PURPLE • GRAM NEGATIVE: HAVE LIPID LAYER, SMALLER AMT OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN, LIGHT PINK

  10. OBTAINING ENERGY • PHOTOAUTOTROPH: PHOTOSYNTHETIC, SIMILAR TO PLANTS • CHEMOAUTOTROPH: ENERGY FROM INORGANIC CHEMICALS (EX. AMMONIA, SULFUR, IRON,ETC) • HETEROTROPHIC: TAKE IN NUTRIENTS LIKE WE DO • SAPROBES: DECOMPOSE ORGANIC MOLECULES (DEAD ORGANISMS OR ORGANIC WASTE PRODUCTS)

  11. BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION • BINARY FISSION: ASEXUAL, DIVISION OF A CELL INTO 2 GENETICALLY IDENTICAL CELLS • CONJUGATION: SEXUAL, 2 PROKARYOTES ATTACH TO EACH OTHER AND EXCHANGE GENETIC INFORMATION

  12. BACTERIAL DISEASES • PATHOGENS: DISEASE CAUSING AGENTS • ONLY A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF BACTERIA CAUSE DISEASES • 2 WAYS TO CAUSE DISEASE: • DAMAGE TISSUE BY BREAKING IT DOWN • RELEASE TOXINS THAT HARM THE BODY • Many diseases can be prevented by vaccines • Controlled by drugs (penicillin or tetracycline)

  13. COMMON BACTERIAL DISEASES

  14. HUMAN USES OF BACTERIA • Normal Flora: bacteria that lives on or in your body • Foods: cheese, yogurt, milk, pickles, chocolate, • Medicine: streptomycin, bacitracin, tetracyline, vancomyacin • Industry: cleaning oil spills, remove waste from water, mine minerals, chemicals

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