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VACCINES

VACCINES. PETER H. RUSSELL, BVSc, PhD, FRCPath, MRCVS Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 OTU. E-mail Web site. Objectives Students should be able to:.

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VACCINES

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  1. VACCINES PETER H. RUSSELL, BVSc, PhD, FRCPath, MRCVS Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 OTU. E-mailWeb site

  2. ObjectivesStudents should be able to: • summarise the mechanisms of primary and secondary immune responses to virus infections and to vaccines. • compare and contrast different types of vaccine with some veterinary examples. • describe the influence of maternal antibody on vaccination outcome. • list some of possible reasons for the failure of vaccines to protect against disease.

  3. Vaccination involves setting up memory to the virus infection such that a high level of cytotoxic T cells (Tc) and IgG are activated in 1-2 days instead of 4-10 days. These curtail the infection before lesions develop. IgA/IgG at mucosal surfaces are also useful to neutralise virus before entry but is difficult to achieve except by mucosal live vaccines.

  4. The mechanisms of recovery from a primary infection will first be reviewed

  5. The mechanisms of recovery from a primary infection will first be reviewed(cont.)

  6. The mechanisms of recovery from a primary infection will first be reviewed(cont.)

  7. Reasons for a failure to recover

  8. Vaccination Types of field vaccine Maternal antibody and vaccination Reasons for vaccine failure

  9. Types of field vaccine: 1) live (attenuated) 2) inactivated 3) subunit 4) recombinant 5) DNA vaccines, research

  10. 1) Live (attenuated)

  11. 1) Live (attenuated) (cont.)

  12. 2) Inactivated vaccines

  13. 3) Subunit vaccines

  14. 4) Recombinant live vaccines

  15. 5) DNA vaccines, research

  16. Maternal antibody and vaccination

  17. Maternal antibody and vaccination (cont.)

  18. Reasons for vaccine failure.

  19. SUMMARY • Vaccines are used for endemic diseases which may then become so rare vaccination can cease • Vaccines induce memory for Tc and VN IgG/IgA but without the risk of disease. • Most commercial vaccines are either inactivated or live-attenuated with the exception of the recombinant FeLV from E.Coli. • Inactivated vaccines are more expensive to produce and often administered with adjuvants • Vaccines must be quality controlled • The vaccination programme must allow for maternal antibody • Vaccines can fail, most usually because of new challenge viruses with altered antigens or increased virulence.

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