DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH COWS, PIGS, FISH AND POULTRY

1. DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH COWS, PIGS, FISH AND POULTRY Andrew Sung 3S101 Chu Wei Xiang 3S111

2. Introduction Different Diseases and Prevention Case Study Video Bibliography Content

3. When you consume meat like pork, chicken, beef and fish, have you stopped to think about the potential diseases such meat may contain? Many of us currently are taking for granted the fact that our food is disease-free. Introduction

4. The most common disease would be the mad cow disease, or scientifically Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Diseases associated with cows

5. A brain disorder or illness of bovine (cow) species Results in people becoming sick by consuming the meat of the infected cow Mad cow disease

6. Mad cow disease • Earliest known records: - Britain, 1986 - Farmers noticed cows displaying a medical condition rather like scrapie (a disease that breaks down the nerve cells in sheep) • As the cows started to behave crazily such as running around in circles, people hence termed the condition “mad cow disease”.

7. Many suspected that the farmers had fed meat to the cows, leading to them becoming “mad”, even though they did not know about the exact cause (and they were correct) Farmers sometimes fed meat to cows because they do not have enough income to buy crops and hay for the cattle. Mad cow disease

8. By 1988, 421 heads of cow in the UK contracted the disease, leading to investigations of symptoms of mad cow disease. Cattle would display the following traits: Weight loss (even under a regular diet) Milk produced is lesser Cows become more aggressive and anxious Poor coordination of movement The disease even has the ability to go undetected for about two to eight years, thus making it hard to detect it. Mad cow disease

9. 1. Surveillance of all cattle, culling infected animals, and disallowing certain cow food, to reduce the chance of the disease entering the human body system. 2. People are encouraged to cut down on their intake of beef and cattle over 3 months old (the time taken for cows to develop teeth and start consuming food) are banned from food markets and other outlets selling beef. Mad cow disease - Prevention

10. Mad cow disease - Prevention 3. Unfortunately, there are still loopholes in the ban on feeding cows: some cows are fed poultry parts, cattle blood and even restaurant leftovers because some farmers do not care what they feed the cows.

11. One of the most common diseases regarding fish would be Anisakiasis, which is caused mainly by nematode worms. This unusual pest is eaten by crustacean zooplankton, which serve as the hosts, and when the fish feed on the plankton, it then enters the system of the fish. Diseases associated with fish

12. The larvae are roughly 10 to 50 mm, white and they lie curled in a ball found in the guts and muscle of the fish. The disease found in humans is commonly due to the person consuming raw or partially cooked fish, thus it is important to ensure that the fish is properly cooked in order to remove the larvae and the adults inside if the fish is infected. Diseases associated with fish

13. The process: Anisakiasis

14. Symptoms in Humans: Severe gastric and intestinal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. Anisakiasis is commonly misdiagnosed as stomach ulcers or appendicitis. Anisakiasis

15. When cooking fish, cook for at least five minutes at a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius (to ensure that all the worms in the fish are effectively removed). Marinating and smoking will not always kill the larvae. Anisakiasis - Prevention

16. Diseases associated with pigs • The most common disease is the swine influenza • Common throughout pig populations worldwide • Rarely transmitted to humans

17. Swine influenza • Routes of Transmission between Pigs: - Direct body contact between infected and uninfected - Airborne transmission through sneezes or coughs by pigs • Intensive farming tends to increase the risk of transmission - Pigs are contained in a small area, thus they will normally be close to each other

18. Swine influenza • Symptoms in Pigs: - Fever, lethargy, sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing and decreased appetite - Mortality is usually low (around 1-4%) - But it causes weight loss (up to 12 pounds of body weight) and poor growth in pigs, causing economic loss to farmers

19. Swine influenza - Prevention • Vaccination - The difficulty in controlling the influenza through this method has become more difficult. - Evolution of virus has resulted in the vaccine being unable to work as effective. • Preventing pig-to-human transmission - Farmers and vets are strongly encouraged to wear face masks and gloves when dealing with infected pigs.

20. Diseases associated with poultry • Known as avian influenza • Most common subtype being H5N1 • Killed millions of poultry in countries throughout Asia, Europe and Africa - Easily transmitted to humans

21. Early 2009, there is an outbreak of swine influenza in Mexico, which has translated to the current H1N1 pandemic. This is due to intensive pig farming, which has grown substantially in recent years Some giant operations are even raising tens of thousands of pigs at a time. Case study – Mexico

22. According to reports in Mexico City daily La Jornada and Veracruz-based paper La Marcha, Granjas Carrol, which is a subsidiary of Smithfield Foods, the world's largest pork packer and hog producer, raises 950,000 hogs per year in intensive conditions. Damp and crowded conditions allowed for the virus to spread quickly and even mutate. Case study – Mexico

23. The agriculture industry took a huge hit. - Many countries have or are likely to implement bands on meat imports. - This is because even during small outbreaks of mad cow diseases, countries will implement such bans, which usually take years to overturn. Case study – Mexico

24. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rT2HWdPFqMg Interview of a family from Texas who contracted H1N1 but are recovering without difficulty. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZthewJCe9fg Effects of the avian influenza on birds and poultry Videos

25. http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/docs/pub/FHinfo/fhinfo03.php?0308 www.fish.wa.gov.au/sf/broc/fhinfo/fhinfo03.html www.scribd.com/.../Disease-Trasmitted-From-Fish-to-Human animal-world.com/encyclo/fresh/information/Diseases.htm www.aquaticcommunity.com/disease/common.php http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/disease/common.php www.fishyfarmacy.com/ www.madcowblog.com/.../mad-cow.../prevention-of-mad-cow-disease/ www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/submenus/sub_bse.htm http://www.madcowblog.com/2005/07/articles/mad-cow-updates/prevention-of-mad-cow-disease/ http://tips.blogs.cnn.com/2009/04/28/swine-flus-impact-on-the-economy/ http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/apr/28/swine-flu-intensive-farming-caroline-lucas http://www.grist.org/article/2009-04-25-swine-flu-smithfield/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swine_influenza Bibliography

26. Thank you