Cell Growth and Reproduction in EUKARYOTES

1. Cell Growth and Reproduction in EUKARYOTES

2. What is a Eukaryotic Cell? • Cell that HAS nucleus • Contains double stranded DNA • Animal and plant cells!!

3. DNA • DNA provides the blueprints or instructions for protein synthesis. • Cells cannot survive unless there is enough DNA to support the protein needs of the cell.

4. Cell Reproduction • The cell theory states that “all cells come from pre-existing cells.” • Cell division is the process by which this happens! • Cell division results in two cells that are identical to the original parent cell. • All organisms grow and change; worn out tissues are repaired or replaced by newly produced cells!

5. Before we learn about division, lets start with the BASICS! • What is “Genetic Material”? – DNA • Where do we find DNA? – The cell nucleus

6. So what the heck is a chromosome?! • Chromosome- Tightly coiled strands of DNA • Where are chromosomes found? – THE NUCLEUS!

7. Parts of the chromosome Each chromosome has 2 CHROMATIDS Each chromosome has 1 CENTRIOLE holding both Chromatids together

8. How many chromosomes in a cell!? • Humans have 46 total chromosomes • 23 pairs of chromosomes

9. What is MITOSIS? The process of the cell dividing ASEXUALLY Only ONE PARENT is needed One PARENT CELL splits into TWO DAUGHTER CELLS Both daughter cells have IDENTICAL DNA to parent cell

10. Let’s make like hairs and SPLIT

11. Phase 1: INTERPHASE • Interphase contains 3 stages! • 3 stages • G1 – Cell grows rapidly and protein production is high • S – Cell copies its chromosomes and DNA synthesis occurs • G2 – Short growth period in which mitochondria and other organelles are made and parts needed for cell division (centrioles) are manufactured

12. INTERPHASE

13. Interphase During this phase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for the division.

14. Phase 2: PROPHASE • PROPHASE – longest phase of mitosis • Chromatin (DNA strands) coil up into visible chromosomes • They look kind of hairy! • Each chromosome is made of two identical halves called SISTER CHROMATIDS • These halves are held together by a CENTROMERE

15. PROPHASE

16. PROPHASE CONTINUED… • As prophase continues, the nucleus begins to disappear as the nuclear envelope and the nucleolus disintegrate. • At this time, the CENTRIOLES begin to migrate to opposite poles of the cell • The SPINDLE begins to form between the centrioles. • “Chromosomes PREPARE for division”

17. What the heck is a centriole? A small set of microtubules Contain SPINDLE FIBERS Centrioles are found in pairs and travel in pairs Centrioles travel to opposite poles of the nucleus to begin the divison process

18. PROPHASE CONTINUED… CENTRIOLES SPINDLE FIBERS

19. METAPHASE • The chromosomes begin to line up on the midline or equator of the spindle • The spindle fibers of the centrioles become attracted to the centromeres of chromosomes (middle of chromosomes • “Spindle fibers MEET the centromeres”

20. METAPHASE

21. ANAPHASE 3) ANAPHASE – Third phase of mitosis • Spindle fibers pull the chromosomes • Sister chromatids begin to separate • Centromeres split apart and the chromatids are pulled apart • “Split from Annie”

22. TELOPHASE • Chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell • Nucleolus reappears and new nuclear envelope forms around each new set of chromosomes • New double membrane begins to form between two new nuclei

23. TELOPHASE

24. CYTOKINESIS • The cell’s cytoplasm finally divides and the cell starts to pinch along the equator of the cell forming two new cells! • “Cytokinesis, division of cytoplasm”

25. Overview