1. Chapter 5 Crime

2. Hacking – some definitions • Hacker • Trophy hacking • Phone phreaking • Cracker • White-hat hackers & black-hat hackers • Script kiddies • Sniffers • Social engineering

3. Hacking Cases • 1970s – John Draper (“Captain Crunch”) • Kevin Mitnick http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/is_atts_denial_of_service_to_hacker_justifi.php • April 27, 1987 – “Captain Midnight” • Good Evening HBO from Captain Midnight. $12.95 a month? No way!(Show-time/Movie Channel, Beware!) • Late 1980s – “Fry Guy” • Russian man & Citicorp • 1991 – “Michelangelo” virus • Viruses, time bombs, logic bombs • Gambling web site • Air traffic controllers in England • 1999 – “Melissa” virus • 2000 – The “Love Bug” or “ILOVEYOU” virus

4. Whose Laws Rule the Web? • ILOVEYOU virus infected millions of computers worldwide, destroying files, collecting passwords, and shutting down computer systems at major corporations and government agencies • this was the one written by a student from the Phillippines – charges were dropped because they had no laws against releasing a virus at the time … what should happen to him if he were to travel to the U.S., Canada, France, Germany, or any other country where the virus did damage? • Other cases in the book… pages 293-294

5. Hacking Cases • 2000 – Mafiaboy • Denial of service attack (DoS); distributed denial of service attack (DDoS); Trojan Horses • 10.10.08 PCWorld article: http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/152176/mafiaboy_grows_up_a_hacker_seeks_redemption.html • 2001 – Hacktivism • 2001 – “Code Red” worm • worm • 2003 – “Sapphire” worm or “Slammer” • 2003 – “Blaster” worm • 2004 – “Sasser” worm • 2001 – “Choke” & “Hello” worms • 2008 – Sarah Palin’s email hacked http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081008/ap_on_el_pr/palin_hacked • 2009 – credit cards breached http://www.bankrate.com/blogs/credit-cards/3-charged-for-card-breach.aspx

6. Firewalls • Windows Firewall – Start, Control Panel, Security • MacOS – System Preferences, Personal Security • 3rd Party Firewalls • Zone Alarm (free version – http://www.zonelabs.com) • PC Magazine page with more info: http://www.pcmag.com/category2/0,2806,4722,00.asp • Top 5: http://www.all-internet-security.com/top_10_firewall_software.html

7. First Amendment • Software is a form of speech. • The First Amendment does not protect some kinds of speech, such as inciting a riot. • Should virus software on the Web be protected under the First Amendment or should it be considered in the same class as that of inciting a riot?

8. Virus Code Online The families of two hospital patients that died as the result of a virus in a hospital computer are suing each of the people listed below and urging the government to bring criminal charges for negligence against each of them: • A student in a course on computer security at a small college who posted a copy of the virus program on the class Web site, with a discussion of how it works. • The student who activated the virus and released it onto the Internet. • The president of the college. • The president of the college’s ISP. • The director of the hospital whose computer system the virus infected, causing the patient medical records to be unavailable for a full day, resulting in the deaths of the two patients.

9. Identity Theft • Stolen credit/debit card numbers to purchase things with or to sell • SSN numbers used to open new accounts • Take out loans in someone else’s name • Raid the victim’s bank account • Pass bad checks

10. Methods of Identity Theft • Phishing http://www.sonicwall.com/phishing/ • Vishing • Pharming • Whaling • Resumes online • SSNs • Dumpster diving • Mailbox theft • Pretexting • Shoulder surfing

11. Methods of Identity Theft • Social networking sites • Filesharing and peer-to-peer software • Bogus job offers • Fake sweepstakes or lotteries • Hacking • Lost or stolen property • Workers in your home • Changing your address • Copying information from a transaction • Credit reports • RFID readers

12. How the Victim is Affected • May result in monetary losses • Anguish, disruption of his or her life • Legal fees • Loss of a good credit rating • Be prevented from borrowing money or cashing checks • Lose a job • Unable to rent an apartment • Sued by creditors to whom the criminal owes money • And… the authorities are slow to act on your behalf

13. How To Protect Yourself • Don’t carry checkbook, SSN card, or all your credit cards with you all the time • Keep your SSN private • Shred your credit card offers, etc. • Use updated anti-spyware/anti-theft software on your computer • Never give out personal info over the phone • Monitor your credit reports • Be careful of using your credit cards in restaurants

14. If You Think You’ve Been a Victim of Identity Theft: • Police report • Fraud alert • Credit freeze

15. What Are Your Rights? • Truth in Lending – Federal law passed in 1968 that protects consumers in credit transactions by requiring clear disclosure of key terms of the lending agreement and all costs • Fair Credit Reporting Act – originally passed in 1970; enforced by the FTC - regulates the collection, dissemination, and use of consumer information. • Fair Credit Billing Act – an amendment to the Truth In Lending Act, passed in 1986, to protect consumers from unfair billing practices and to provide a mechanism for dealing with billing errors; applies to “open end” credit accounts, such as credit cards and other revolving charge accounts. Examples of errors and other info: http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/credit/cre16.shtm

16. The Credit Card Act of 2009 • The latest update of the Truth In Lending Act to protect consumers from abusive tactics used by credit card companies: • 45 day advance notice of change in rates or late fees • No more retroactive interest rate hikes • No more raising interest rates based on other, unrelated cards or utility bills • Payment due dates must be at least 21 days after mailing of bill • Extra payment above minimum due must be applied to higher rate balances • Must “opt-in” to over-the-limit fees; plus other fee restrictions • Must disclose to consumers how long it will take to pay off; also payments for paying off within 12, 24, or 36 months • Restricts card issuance to students • Gift card protections

17. Establishing Good Credit • College students are (used to be) targets • Checking account • Department store cards • Prepaid cards • Co-signer on applications • http://www.annualcreditreport.com • http://www.myfico.com

18. Crime Fighting vs Privacy & Civil Liberties • 4th Amendment requires that search warrants be specific about what is to be searched or seized • … so what happens when authorities are searching a computer for one thing and finds other illegal activities, or illegal activities by other people who use that same computer? • http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07016/754173-28.stm • http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202433381364 • … or when a computer technician is servicing someone’s computer and finds what he believes is illegal material on the person’s computer – see if you can find out whatever happened in the Washington State vs Westbrook case, where this happened and the technician reported it to authorities • http://w2.eff.org/Privacy/westbrook_brief_final.pdf