ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CHALLENGES IN HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

1. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CHALLENGES IN HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Dr. B. Sengupta Former, Member Secretary Central Pollution Control Board Ministry of Environment & Forests Govt. of India, Delhi Email: bsg161@gmail.com, 9810043771 Lecture delivered at Training Programme organised Udaipur Chamber of Commerce & Industry on 4 October, 2018 at Udaipur

2. Major Environmental Acts/Rules/Policy in India • The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 • The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess, Act, 1977 • The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 • The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 • The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989, 2003, 2009 • The Bio - Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1988, 2003 • The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 • The Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999 • The Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000 • The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001 • Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006, 2009 • National Environmental Policy, 2006 • Fly Ash Management Rule, 2009 • Ambient Air quality standard , 1982, 1995, 2009

3. MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN INDIA

4. WATER AVAILABILITY AND USES • Rainfall – 4000 Billion Cubic Meter (BCM) • We can store only – 690 BCM • Can use only 710 BCM due to various reasons

5. USE OF WATER

6. WATER USE EFFICIENCY Source : Guidelines for improving WUE in domestic, irrigation, industrial sector - CWC 2014

7. AVAILABILITY OF GROUND WATER AMPLE SCOPE OF GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT IN INDOGANGETIC PLAIN (BCM)

8. MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER (MWW) MANAGEMENT Issues:- 44000 Million litres per day (MLD) sewage waste water generated and only 12000 MLD is collected and treated. Rest are discharged untreated in water bodies and land, causing pollution in surface and groundwater. Impact:- • Cause severe pollution at water bodies, BOD > 100 mg/l, Coliform > 1Cr (in some water bodies), major reasons for water borne diseases • Cause land pollution – ground water pollution • Spread of water borne diseases • Action Points • In phase manner, MWW has to be collected and treated as per standard of CPCB/SPCB, and also considering pollution status of recipient water bodies. • Tertiary treated waste water should be used in industries as process water. • Minimum flow of water (E-flow) in river to be maintained to achieve desired water quality. • Promotion of more decentralised waste water treatment facility. • Linking of rivers for optimum utilisation of water resources. • Quality of water at water intake point of water works to be strictly maintained as per CPCB guidelines.

9. PROPOSED ACTION ON MWW MANAGEMENT • Development of in-situ treatment technology and demonstration of the same at different polluted stretches. • Development of low cost sewage treatment technology • Promotion of de-centralized treatment technology for sewage and use of treated water. • RO/NF treated waste water for industrial reuse. • Guidelines for use of treated water. • Estimation of minimum flow of water in various river stretches to maintain desired water quality.

10. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW) MANAGEMENT Issues:- 1,20,000 Tonne per day (TPD) Municipal Solid Waste is generated, only 70% or the same is collected and only 5% is treated and disposed as per Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules. Indiscriminate disposal of MSW is major nuisance in urban areas including groundwater quality problem. • Action Points • MSW has to be collected and disposed as per MSW Management Rules notified under E(P) Act, 1986 as amended in 2016. • More waste to energy plants to be setup in urban areas for management of MSW. • More emphasis on recycle and reuse of the waste. • Pyrolysis/Gasification of MSW waste for power generation. • RDF from MSW to be used as partial fuel in Cement Kilns • Public Private Partnership for MSW management to be encouraged.

11. FINE PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10 AND PM2.5) MANAGEMENT Issues:- As per CPCB Air quality monitoring data (www.cpcb.nic.in), 94 cities and town in India are generally exceeding the ambient air quality standards for PM10,-PM2.5 Fine Particulate matter is causing serious health impact. Further in metro cities NOx, Ozone, Benzene & Polyaromatic hydrocarbon are cause of concern • Action Points • Integrated approach to be taken for PM10 management. • Source apportionment study to be conducted for PM10 in all non-compliant cities. • More use of clean transportation fuel (CNG, LPG, Low Sulphur Diesel etc.) in highly polluted cities. • Use of vehicles meeting Bharat Stage-IV and BS – IV fuel in non-compliant cities and from 2020 only BS-VI compliant vehicles and fuels. • Retrofitting of diesel particulate filter in old diesel vehicles (Buses and Trucks) • Major thrust on use of electric vehicles in metro cities and polluted areas. • DG Set emission control

12. SOURCE APPORTIONMENT STUDY (Bangalore) • Share of transport sector increases from 19% in PM10 to 50% in PM2.5 • Share of anthropogenic sources eclipsed by dust contributions in case of PM10 • DG sets :important source. Contribution is 13% & 25% in PM10 and PM2.5. • Contribution of industries to the particulate matter is low. • Domestic sector also has a small contribution in both PM10 and PM2.5. • Share of secondary particulates is higher in PM2.5 than in PM10, depicting their finer size Source : TERI / CPCB

13. PROPOSED ACTION ON PM10/PM2.5 MANAGEMENT • Source apportionment study in 94 non attainment areas for PM10 • Integrated approach for vehicular pollution control to reduce PM2.5 • Assessment of PM2.5/NOX from CNG vehicles • Chemical characterization of PM2.5 • Black carbon assessment and control • Use of alternate transport fuel (CNG,LPG, bio fuel, electric vehicles etc) to reduce PM emission.

14. FLY ASH MANAGEMENT Issues:- Indian coal contains 34-47% ash. Ash generation from coal based power station is presently about 200 million tonnes per annum. It is going to increase to 300 million tonnes per annum by 2020. • Action Points • Ash utilization as per new MoEF guidelines. • More use of ash in cement production. • Promotion of clean coal technologies. • Pit head power plants to dispose the ash in abandoned mines. • Ash should be considered as resource and not as waste.

15. AIR POLLUTION DUE TO USE OF COAL IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS Source: CEA/NTPC Use of clean coal technologies (Super Critical ,IGCC, PFBC, CFBC, etc.) to be promoted based on location specific requirements.

16. PROPOSED ACTION ON FLY ASH MANAGEMENT • PFBC/CFBC/FBC technology promotion • Low cost coal beneficiation • More use of flyash in cement production • Demonstration of mine back filling with fly ash • Coal bed methane and power generation • Assessment of coal gasification technology • Research on use of fly ash pozzolana cement having ash more than 35%

17. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Issues:- Presently 8.2 million tonnes of hazardous wastes is generated from 42,000 industries. However, there are only 27 nos of TSDF (Transport, Storage and Disposal Facility) exists, which is inadequate to handle all hazardous wastes. • Action Points • More TSDF facilities to be set-up under Public Private Partnership mode. • Promotion of clean technology to reduce generation of hazardous wastes. • Remediation of contaminated hazardous waste dump sites. • More common hazardous wastes incinerators as per CPCB guidelines, to be set-up. • Promotion of co-processing of hazardous waste in cement plants.

18. PROPOSED ACTION ON HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT • Performance evaluation of 27 TSDF • Remediation of contaminated site (Ranipet, Kanpur, Tirupur, Lucknow, Sukindaetc) • Development of in-situ remediation technology • Demonstration of clean process technology for low hazardous waste generation in chemical industry

19. BIO MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT Issues:- Presently 20-30% of Bio-medical wastes is collected, segregated and treated as per Bio-medical Waste Management Rules. • Action Points • Number of Common Bio-medical Wastes Treatment Facility (CBMWTF) to be increased manifold. Presently there are 157 facilities which are not adequate to handle all the wastes. • CBMWTF is to be set-up under Public Private Partnership mode. • New technologies to be promoted for destruction of toxic bio-medical wastes.

20. E-WASTE MANAGEMENT Issues:- Presently more than 400,000 tonnes of E-waste is generated which may increase manifold in coming years. The MoEF has issued E-waste Management Rules, 2016 • Action Points • Common facility for E-Waste management (Collection, Segregation, Recovery of Metals and Reuse Facility) in Public Private Partnership mode to be setup. • Comprehensive e-waste management policy to be adopted (as per guidelines issued by CPCB (www.cpcb.nic.in). • More emphasis on metal recovery to be given.

21. HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS (HAP) IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ZONE Issues:- There are large number of chemical industries (pesticides, pharmaceutical, dye and dye intermediate, organic chemical manufacturing industries) in chemical industrial zone of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu etc. (Vapi, Ankleshwar, Bharuch, Panoli, Tarapur, Taloja, Mahad, Patancherru, Medak, Cuddalore, Manali etc.). In these areas toxic pollutants like VOC, BTX, Organic Solvents emissions are quite high. • Action Points • Monitoring and assessment of HAP & VOCs to be carried out. • Solvent recovery (ethylene dichloride, benzene, toluene etc.) should be improved. • High COD wastes to be segregated and co-processed in cement plants. • Promotion of clean process technology to minimise the generation of HAP.

22. PROPOSED ACTION ON HAP MANAGEMENT • Hazardous air pollutant assessment and control • Development of monitoring techniques for various HAP/VOC • Development of VOC standard in ambient air/source emission • Continuous monitoring of VOC in chemical industry zone(Vapi, Ankleshwar, Cuddalore etc)

23. POLLUTION FROM SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES Issues:- There are more than 3-5 million Small Scale industries exists which are polluting in nature. These industries are as follows:  Stone crusher  Hot Mix Plant  Re-rolling mills  Sponge iron plants  Electroplating industries  Tannery units  Brick kilns  Lime kilns  Foundry  DG sets • Action Points • Pollution prevention technologies as developed by CPCB for various SSI units to be adopted. • More CETPs to be set-up under Public Private Partnership mode and performance of existing CETPs (134 exists) to be improved. • Enforcement of standard in SSI sectors to be strengthened.

24. PROPOSED ACTION ON SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES POLLUTION MANAGEMENT • Demonstration of pollution prevention and control technology for SSI units e.g. hot mix plant, sponge iron plant, brick kiln, re rolling mills etc • Performance evaluation of 134 CETPS specially with respect to • – TDS management (using RO/NF/UF technology) • – high COD bearing effluent management • – salt recovery and reuse from ZLD process • – solvent recovery and increasing the stripper efficiency. • –waste minimization

25. VEHICULAR POLLUTION IN URBAN AREAS Issues:- Vehicular population growth in urban areas of India is very high. In Delhi alone, more than 88 lacs vehicles are registered. Vehicular emissions are mainly responsible for poor air quality in urban areas. • Action Points • In-use vehicular emission to be controlled by proper comprehensive inspection and monitoring system. • Bharat Stage-IV standards to be enforced in all urban areas and Bharat Stage-VI fuel and vehicles from 2020. • Fuel adulteration is major problem and should be prevented. • Proper action plan based on source apportionment study should be prepared and implemented. • More Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Stations to be set-up in urban areas with proper calibration facilities and data display in web-site for public information.

27. CHRONOLOGY OF INDIAN GASOLINE SPECIFICATIONS

28. CHRONOLOGY OF INDIAN DIESEL SPECIFICATIONS

29. EMISSION NORMS IN INDIA

30. CHANGING LANDSCAPE

31. BS IV TO BS VI – MAJOR DIFFERENCES

32. PROPOSED ACTION ON VEHICULAR POLLUTION MANAGEMENT IN URBAN AREAS • Development of integrated approach to control air pollution • In use vehicle emission control (improve I/M system) • BS IV/BS VI fuel and vehicular standard implementation • Use of clean transportation fuel such as CNG, LPG bio fuel, bio diesel etc. • Use of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicles for vehicular pollution control

33. INITIATIVE FOR POLLUTION CONTROL • Pollution control from 17 categories of highly polluting industry • 134 CETPs for SSI cluster • 27 TSDF for hazardous waste management • 157 CBMWM for bio-medical waste management • 8 Common e-waste facility • Emission/effluent standard for 70 categories of polluting industries and enforcement of standard through consent management. • Operation and maintenance of 543 national air quality monitoring stations. • Operation and maintenance of 1089 water quality monitoring stations • EIA for development projects and post project monitoring • Declaration of 43 critically polluted areas based on comprehensive environmental pollution index (CEPI) • Declaration of 44 severely polluted areas based on CEPI

34. Where moratorium for new industry / expansion of existing industry imposed by MoEF THE CEPI INDEX FOR 43 CRITICALLY POLLUTED AREAS

35. Source : CPCB

36. CREP INITIATIVE 2003 • Adoption of clean technology for pollution control • Waste minimization • Waste utilization (fly ash, BF slag etc) • Pollution prevention approach specially for SSI units • Water conservation (sector specific water consumption standard) • Zero discharge of effluent (distillery , drug and pharma industry etc) • Promotion of clean coal technology • Coal beneficiation regulation • Clean transportation fuel(CNG, LPG) • Clean fuel (lead free gasoline, low sulphur diesel, low benzene petrol)

37. INDUSTRY SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENT FOR POLLUTION CONTROL FROM HIGHLY POLLUTING INDUSTRY (Waste minimization, recycling of waste, water conservation etc.) 1. Distilleries • Concentration cum Incineration of Spent Wash for Power generation (Zero liquid discharge). • Bio methanation followed by R.O. (to reduce the effluent quantity) and then composting using press mud. 2. Paper and Pulp • Issue – Colour, Odour, AOx, Cl2 free bleaching. • Installation of Chemical Recovery Plants with Pollution Control Equipment. • Lignin recovery plant for small paper and pulp units. • Reduction of water consumption. • Odour control from pulping process. 3. Iron and Steel Plant • Coke Oven Emission (PAH, VOC) control. • Effluent (CN¯, Phenol) management. • SMS slag utilisation. • Dry Coke quenching. Contd..

38. 4. Sponge Iron Plants • Char Management – use in AFBC / FBC Boiler with Coal for power generation. • WHRB – Kiln emission (GHG emission reduction). 5. Thermal Power Plants • Ash utilisation (cement plant, mine back filling). • Promotion of Clean Coal Technology. • Flue Gas desulphurisation (FGD) for SO2 control and DeNOx system for NOx control. 6. Textile Industry • TDS management from effluent. • R.O./Nano filtration – For reuse of water. • Waste recycling. Contd..

39. 7. Cement Industry • Use of high calorific value hazardous waste as partial fuel in cement kiln. • Use of fly ash / SMS slag from cement making (carbon credit under CDM) • Minimization of fire hazard and toxic gas emission in preprocessing plant. • NOx emission control to meet new standards. 8. Aluminium Industry • Secondary emission of fluoride from pot room. • PAH emission control from Baking furnace. • Spent Pot lining disposal. 9. Drug and Pharmaceutical Industry • Segregation of high COD/ high TDS waste. • Steam stripping for VOC control • Recovery of solvents • High TDS effluent management (MEE, drier, solid waste management) • Incinerator emission control • Odour Control. • Reuse and recycling of water

40. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ISSUES

41. POLLUTION CAUSES, POLLUTANTS & EFFECTS MAJOR CAUSES Automobile exhausts, Industrial emission, Domestic cooking, Thermal power plants MAJOR POLLUTANTS Heavy metals: Pb, Fe, Cd, Zn, Ni Gases: CO, NOx, SO2 VOC: Benzene, Toluene PAH: Benzo-a-pyrene, Benz anthracene Particulate matter: 0.01-100m • Health effects of pollutants • Induction or revival of diseases • Respiratory illness / disorder • Genotoxicity leading to cancer • Systemic & Immune alterations • Cardiovascular problems • Brain damage • Retardation of fetal growth Health effects are the impact of a complex mixture rather than a particular pollutant

42. LUNG – THE ENTRY POINT OF POLLUTANTS • Lung - the main entry point of air pollutants, and the target organ is the alveolus. (There are 300 million alveoli in human lungs) • 10,000 – 15,000 litres air enters every day in an adult lung. • Increase in the concentration of pollutants cause parallel increase in the toxic insult to the lungs • From the alveolus, pollutants travel via lymph or blood to different organs. Route of Invasion

43. WHAT ARE THE HEALTH IMPACTS OF CHANGES IN AIR QUALITY ?

44. HEALTH EFFECTS DUE TO AIR POLLUTION • Premature death • Lung cancer • Exacerbation of COPD • Development of chronic lung disease • Heart attacks • Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung disease • Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease and asthma • Decreased lung function • Low birth weight

45. PM: A MAJOR HEALTH AND CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUE

46. GLOBAL ESTIMATED DEATHS (MILLIONS) DUE TO POLLUTION RISK FACTORS FROM THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE STUDY (GBD; 2015) VERSUS WHO DATA (2012)

47. GLOBAL ESTIMATED DEATHS (MILLIONS) BY POLLUTION RISK FACTOR, 2005–15

48. ESTIMATED CONTRIBUTIONS OF ALL POLLUTION RISK FACTORS TO DEATHS CAUSED BY NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, 2015

49. CURRENT STATE OF ART TECHNOLOGY FOR POLLUTION CONTROL

50. STATE OF THE ART TECHNOLOGY