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Chapter 50 Introduction to Ecology

Chapter 50 Introduction to Ecology. Ecology studies the interactions between organisms and their environment. These interactions determine…. Distribution. Abundance. Where do they live?. How many are there?.

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Chapter 50 Introduction to Ecology

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  1. Chapter 50 Introduction to Ecology

  2. Ecology studies the interactions between organisms and their environment. These interactions determine… Distribution Abundance Where do they live? How many are there?

  3. The distribution and abundance of organisms is determined by the interactions between organisms and their environment 250 200 150 100 50 Abiotic (nonliving components) (living components) Biotic Relative importance of each component Distribution during Feb-Mar 2000-2001 from visual surveys 0 m Fin whale: Balaenoptera physalus

  4. Balaenoptera physalus Gulf of California population Summer End of spring Start End Start of fall BBCt B. Tershy Dainet

  5. Interactions between organisms and their environment that occur over a long enough period of time promote evolutionary change. Hawaiian crickets, one of the highest rates of speciation Apparently, sexual selection 500 species of cichliids from Lake Malawi in the last 1 million years First, trophic morphology; subsequently, sexual selection Nature 2005 T. D. Kocher

  6. Population ecology limiting factors Organismal ecology coping Community ecology interspecific interactions and diversity Ecosystem ecology energy flow and chemical cycling Landscape ecology effects on interactions at lower levels Biosphere ecology global effects

  7. DISPERSAL Accidental or deliberate introduction Fig. 50.8

  8. BEHAVIOR/HABITAT SELECTION C. Roessler Avoidance of certain areas

  9. BIOTIC FACTORS Predation, competition, parasitism, disease, pollination Fig. 50.9

  10. ABIOTIC FACTORS Climate TEMPERATURE, WATER, sunlight, wind Effect on biological processes. Most organisms unable to regulate body temperature. Aquatic: water balance. Terrestrial: desiccation. Provides energy to photosynthetic organisms. Photoperiod: cuing of daily and seasonal cycles. Increases heat and water loss. Affects plant morphology. Salinity, pH, rocks, soil, oxygen, density

  11. Solar radiation and latitude Fig. 50.11

  12. Seasonal variations Fig. 50.12

  13. Seasonal effects on climate in the ocean

  14. Upwelling index Sea surface temperature Monterey Bay Productivity Krill backscatter Chlorophyll Blue whale sightings Data from D. Croll

  15. Local effects on climate Fig. 50.14

  16. Largest component. Vertical stratification: light, temperature, salinity, density. Oceans (3% salt): rainfall, climate, wind. Give O2 and take CO2. Freshwater (< 1% salt): linked to soil and biota of terrestrial biomes. Aquatic Biomes Fig. 50.17

  17. Ocean zonation Fig. 50.22

  18. Terrestrial Biomes Fig. 50.24

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