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Understanding Ecology: Interactions Between Organisms and Their Environment

This chapter introduces the scientific study of ecology, focusing on the interactions between organisms and their environment. It explores factors influencing the distribution and abundance of organisms, including abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) components. Key areas of exploration include organismal ecology, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, landscape ecology, and the biosphere. It also examines geographic distribution-limiting factors for species like gray wolves, encompassing barriers, habitat selection, and environmental influences such as climate and microclimates.

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Understanding Ecology: Interactions Between Organisms and Their Environment

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  1. Chapter 50Introduction to Ecology • Scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment • Emphasis on the distribution and abundance of organisms

  2. What kinds of factors might influence an environment? • Abiotic: non-living components • Chemical/physical factors • Temp • Light • Water • Nutrients • Biotic: living components • Plants/animals • Bacteria/fungi/protists/viruses

  3. What environmental factors would limit the distribution or range of a gray wolf? http://akvis.com/img/examples/sketch/wolf-color-sketch/wolf-color-photo.jpg http://www.fws.gov/midwest/wolf/2007delisting/summary.htm

  4. What factors determine the abundance of gray wolves? http://www.wolf.wild.art.pl/obraz/big/public/wolf_pack.jpg

  5. Areas of Ecology we will explore • Organismal ecology • How the structure, physiology, and behavior are influenced by environment http://www.advenphoto.com/images/tour_page_images/Cardinals.jpg http://bilbo.bio.purdue.edu/www-ecology/faculty/howard/images/toad.jpg

  6. Areas of Ecology we will explore • Population ecology • Factors that influence how many individuals in a species live in an area http://www.timberwolfinformation.org/info/wolves/wolfden.jpg

  7. Areas of Ecology we will explore • Community ecology • Interactions between species • Predation, competition, disease and environmental disturbances http://www.satyamag.com/sat.site.images/clear-cut.jpg http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/c/c0/300px-Hawk_eating_prey.jpg

  8. Areas of Ecology we will explore • Ecosystem ecology • Energy flow and nutrient cycling http://www.bigelow.org/edhab/images/food_web.jpg http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/climate/images/nitrogencycle.jpg

  9. Areas of Ecology we will explore • Landscape ecology • How ecosystems are arrayed in a region • Patchiness, energy exchanges http://www.raize.ch/Reisen/velo-eurasien/satellite-images/05-sumxi-rutokxian.jpg http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/mtsthelens/photo-gallery/photos/images/cc-Willow-Spring-Oasis.jpg

  10. Areas of Ecology we will explore • Biosphere • Sum effect of all ecosystems on the area inhabited by life • CO2 concentration, climate change, erosion http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/img/biosphere.gif

  11. Areas of Ecology we will explore • Environmental issues http://www.ethicurean.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/10/global_warming_predictions_map_2.jpg

  12. Why do organisms disperse? What determines how far they disperse?

  13. What geographic distribution-limiting factors might keep gray wolves from dispersing from their current range? http://www.timberwolfinformation.org/info/wolves/wolfden.jpg

  14. Geographic distribution-limiting factors • Geographic barriers • oceans, mountains, roads • Time • natural, intentional, or accidental transplants • Habitat selection • Breeding requirements, food availability

  15. Habitat Selection http://z.about.com/d/goasia/1/0/U/w/1/bali-ricepaddies-IstvanKoospal.jpg http://www.gasdetection.com/news2/anopheles_mosquito_4_hnd.jpg

  16. Geographic distribution-limiting factors • Geographic barriers • oceans, mountains, roads • Time • natural, intentional, or accidental transplants • Habitat selection • Breeding requirements, food availability • Biotic factors • Predation, disease, absence of required symbiotic partner

  17. Geographic distribution-limiting factors • Abiotic factors • Temp, water, light requirements influence dispersal

  18. http://ralphm.net/map_image?mapname=world

  19. Geographic distribution-limiting factors • Climate=prevailing weather conditions • What factors influence macroclimates? • Large bodies of water • Mountains • Tilt of earth=seasons

  20. What effect does Lake Superior have on the North Shore climate? http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/biohires/ecoregions/h50416superior-north-shoreh5011.jpg

  21. Geographic distribution-limiting factors • What is a microclimate? • What causes microclimates? http://www.nrel.colostate.edu/projects/brd_global_change/images/15transect.gif

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