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Understanding Ecology: Interactions of Organisms and Their Environments

This chapter delves into ecology, the scientific study of how organisms interact with each other and their abiotic environment. Key concepts include the roles of biotic and abiotic factors, the impact of seasons on ecosystems, and the significance of population dynamics. It examines different levels of ecological study—organismal, populations, communities, and ecosystems—along with various biomes and their characteristics. Understanding these interactions is crucial for grasping the balance of our ecological systems and the factors influencing biodiversity.

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Understanding Ecology: Interactions of Organisms and Their Environments

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  1. Introduction to ECOLOGY(Chapter 50)

  2. *ECOLOGY = the scientific study of the INTERACTIONS between organisms and their environments

  3. *the environment includes: • BIOTIC components (living; other organisms)

  4. and it includes: • ABIOTIC components (nonliving: temp., light, water, nutrients, wind, pH)

  5. How do seasons affect the environment?

  6. Why is ice beneficial to lake organisms in winter? • Why is a fall/spring turnover beneficial to lake organisms? • How could a spring turnover be different than a fall turnover?

  7. How does latitude affect the environment?

  8. How does ocean depth affect the environment?

  9. Ecology can be divided into 4 increasingly comprehensive levels of study: • Organismal ecology: ways individual organisms meet the challenges posed by the abiotic environment

  10. 2. POPULATIONS POPULATION: all members of the same species living in the same general area (species: organisms with similar characteristics that can successfully reproduce fertile offspring) *Within a population, we can examine: -population size; density -rate of growth -limiting factors -birth rate/death rate -immigration/emigration -carrying capacity

  11. Walruses!! Penguins!!

  12. 3. COMMUNITIES COMMUNITY = all populations in a given area -includes HOW organisms’ interactions affect the community

  13. COMMUNITIES -types of interactions: Predation Competition Disease Parasitism Symbiosis

  14. 4. ECOSYSTEM ECOSYSTEM = the community and its surrounding environment (biotic and abiotic) -energy flow -materials / chemical cycling

  15. Major Types of Ecosystems: BIOMES!

  16. Aquatic Biomes: • Freshwater: saltwater conc. of less than 1% • Marine: saltwater conc. of 3%; cover about 75% of Earth’s surface

  17. Freshwater Biomes: • Lakes: • Oligotrophic • Eutrophic • Mesotrophic abiotic factors matter!

  18. Freshwater Biomes: • Streams • Rivers

  19. More Aquatic Biomes… • Wetlands • Estuaries

  20. Marine Biomes: • Intertidal Zone • Neritic Zone • Coral Reefs • Oceanic • Abyssal Zone * Can also be Pelagic or Benthic

  21. Terrestrial Biomes:named formajor physical or climatic features & for their predominant vegetation • Tropical Rainforest • Savanna

  22. Terrestrial Biomes: • Desert • Chaparral

  23. Terrestrial Biomes: • Temperate Grassland • Temperate Deciduous Forest

  24. Terrestrial Biomes: • Taiga/Coniferous Forest • Tundra

  25. Which of the following is an abiotic factor influencing the environment? • Birth rates • Numbers of species • Number of organisms • Soil composition

  26. During what time of year would you expect to have the largest influx of agricultural runoff into a lake? • Winter • Spring • Summer • Fall

  27. Which term fits the following definition: all of the different populations in a given area? • Organism • Population • Community • Ecosystem

  28. When you walk through the waves on the beach, what marine “zone” are you walking through? • Benthic • Pelagic • Intertidal • Tidal • Oceanic

  29. Which of the following abiotic factors has the greatest influence on the metabolic rates of plants & animals? • Water • Wind • Temperature • Rocks & soil • Disturbances

  30. Which of the following statements about light in aquatic environments is (are) correct? • Water selectively reflects & absorbs certain wavelengths of light. • Photosynthetic organisms that live in deep water probably use red light. • Light intensity is an important abiotic factor in limiting the distribution of photosynthetic organisms. • A and C only • A, B, & C are correct

  31. Where would photoperiod matter in terms of survival/reproduction? *Equator, forest here in the US, tundra? How is How is the euphotic zone different than abyssal zone? Is the environment the same throughout the depth of euphotic zone? Clutch size/seed crop size: number of individuals NOT the actual size of each individual/seed Can you describe what is going on? Why is it beneficial?

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