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South America Today

South America Today. Ch. 8 Pg. 216-235. 1.1 Indigenous Cultures pg. 216-217. Arrival of Europeans changed life for indigenous people Many native people were killed by unfamiliar diseases and warfare Europeans introduced new population groups. Mestizo —of mixed European and native ancestry

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South America Today

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  1. South America Today Ch. 8 Pg. 216-235

  2. 1.1 Indigenous Cultures pg. 216-217 • Arrival of Europeans changed life for indigenous people • Many native people were killed by unfamiliar diseases and warfare • Europeans introduced new population groups • Mestizo—of mixed European and native ancestry • Roots—cultural origins

  3. 1.1 Indigenous Cultures pg. 216-217 • Quechua live in the Andes of Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia; farmers; blend Catholic and native beliefs; weavers • Guarani live in Paraguay; culture represented in Paraguay’s folk art • Munduruku live in Brazil; ancestors farmed, hunted, & fished in rain forest; sell forest products • Aymara, Quechua, and Guarani are three largest indigenous groups in South America today • Aymara live in Andes of Peru and Bolivia; herd llamas & alpacas; grow crops such as potatoes and quinoa

  4. 1.2 Language Diversity pg. 218-219 • Languages that South Americans speak come from at least 50 language families • Main languages in South America are Spanish and Portuguese • Creole is a language that results when two other languages are combined together • Language families—groups of related languages • Predominant—main (languages) • Topography—physical features

  5. 1.2 Language Diversity pg. 218-219 • Some indigenous languages such as Quechua and Guarani are common • Some indigenous languages are endangered • More than 500 languages are spoken today due to large number of indigenous groups • Mountain ranges and rain forests isolated indigenous groups and kept their languages separate

  6. 1.3 Daily Life pg. 220-221 • Roman Catholicism became main religion in South America during colonial period • Roughly 80% of South Americans are Roman Catholic; Brazil has the world’s largest Catholic population • Immigrated—moved permanently • Cuisine—food that is characteristic of a particular place

  7. 1.3 Daily Life pg. 220-221 • Every country in South America provides public education • Some children may not attend school regularly or may leave early to help earn money for their families • Most Protestants in the region live in Chile and the Guianas and in parts of Brazil, Bolivia, and Ecuador • Candomble combines African spiritual practices with Catholicism

  8. 1.3 Daily Life pg. 220-221 • In coastal countries like Chile, seafood is often a main ingredient • In Uruguay and Argentina, beef is often served • In the mountains of Peru, llamas provide a good source of meat • Stews with black beans, rice, and vegetables are common throughout South America • Playing futbol (soccer) or watching a favorite team compete is a popular pastime in South America • South American cuisine varies in different parts of the continent

  9. 2.1 Comparing Governments pg. 222-223 • In the early 1800s, movements for independence in countries across South America brought an end to colonial rule • South American governments have gone through many changes since independence • Prosperous—economically strong • Coup—takeover (of the government) • Ruthless--cruel

  10. 2.1 Comparing Governments pg. 222-223 • Juan Peron elected president in 1946 but reforms were expensive and corruption weakened administration • 1950s Peron overthrown by military leaders • Since 1980s, democratically elected presidents have faced serious economic crises • Today constitutional government is stable and economy is one of strongest in South America Argentina • Dictators held power for several decades after independence in 1816 • Adopted new constitution in 1850; entered prosperous period until 1920s • Military coups in 1930s and 1943

  11. 2.1 Comparing Governments pg. 222-223 • Political instability made economic and social progress difficult • In 2001, first Quechua president, Alejandro Toledo was elected • Toledo’s election demonstrated that Peru’s government could represent all citizens Peru • Gained independence in 1821 • Government has shifted between democratically elected presidents and military rule • Many leaders favored wealthy landowners over ordinary citizens

  12. 2.1 Comparing Governments pg. 222-223 • Chile returned to democratic rule in 1990 • In 2006, first female president, Michelle BacheletJeria was elected; father was killed by Pinochet and she and mother were imprisoned and exiled for opposing Pinochet • Bachelet helped ease poverty, expaned social reforms, and created new employment opportunities Chile • Declared independence in 1818; has mostly been a representative democracy • Augusto Pinochet acted as a dictator from 1973 to 1990; he was ruthless and no one was allowed to disagree with his policies

  13. 2.2 The Pampas Economy pg. 224-225 • The wide grassy Pampas is South America’s major crop-growing region • Pampas is also the grazing ground for cattle, another valuable export • Soybeans—a type of bean grown for food and also for industrial products such as plastics, inks, and adhesives • Fertilizer—a substance added to soil to enrich it

  14. 2.2 The Pampas Economy pg. 224-225 • Spanish and mestizo cowboys (gauchos) herded cattle and sheep on Pampas; modern gauchos continue practice • Cattle grazing takes place in Dry Pampas, dry zone in the west • Agriculture takes place in the Wet Pampas, the humid zone in the east • The Pampas is a large plain that stretches across central Argentina from the Atlantic Ocean to the foothills of the Andes Mountains • Covers nearly ¼ of Argentina’s land area

  15. 2.2 The Pampas Economy pg. 224-225 • Argentines are among the world’s top consumers of beef • Soybeans are used to make vegetable oil and livestock feed • Soybeans, wheat, corn, flax, and alfalfa are some of the crops grown in the Wet Pampas • In the 1980s, soybeans became a valuable crop in Argentina • Soybeans do not need as much fertilizer • Low productions costs and high prices in global markets make soybeans a valuable crop in Argentina

  16. 2.3 Chile’s Food Production pg. 226-227 • Chile is a long, narrow country bordering the Pacific ocean • Central Chile enjoys a temperate climate that supports an extensive agriculture industry • Temperate—mild (climate) • Mediterranean climate—the temperate climate along the coasts of southern Europe and northern Africa on the Mediterranean Sea • Diversify—vary

  17. 2.3 Chile’s Food Production pg. 226-227 • Mediterranean climates have similar latitudes; generally 30⁰ S-40⁰ S or 30⁰ N-40⁰ N; lie on western coasts and have similar precipitation patterns because of their coastal positions • A Mediterranean climate is defined by hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters • Found in southern Australia, southern and central California in the United States, and southern South Africa, and central Chile

  18. 2.3 Chile’s Food Production pg. 226-227 • Chile has become a major exporter of olives and specialty olive oils • Copper remains Chile’s most valuable export • Growth of agricultural exports since the 1980s helped Chile diversify its economy • Fruits such as grapes, peaches, and apples are grown for export in Chile’s fertile valleys • A thriving wine industry depends on the many varieties of grapes that grow in Chile’s vineyards

  19. 2.4 Products of Peru pg. 228-229 • Agriculture and mining are key industries in Peru • Erratic rainfall and rugged terrain make large-scale farming in the mountains difficult • Potatoes, wheat, corn, vegetables, and quinoa grow well for local people and are not exported • Erratic—inconsistent • Export revenue—money earned from exports • Profitable—financially successful

  20. 2.4 Products of Peru pg. 228-229 • Peru is a leading exporter of silver, zinc, lead, copper, tin, and gold • Exports of metals and minerals supply nearly 2/3 of Peru’s total export revenue • In the 1990s, policy changes allowed private ownership of the mines • Limited cash crops for export include sugarcane, wheat, coffee, and asparagus • Economic activities in the Peruvian mountains include cattle and alpaca ranching • Peru’s most profitable economic activity is mining

  21. 2.4 Products of Peru pg. 228-229 • Mining revenues also increased due to an upward trend in world prices for silver, gold, and other metals and minerals since the late 1990s • Private ownership allowed for improvements and upgrades • Existing mines became more profitable and new mines opened

  22. 3.1 Brazil’s Growing Economy pg. 230-231 • Brazil is the largest and most populous country in South America • Agriculture, ranching, and fishing all contribute to the country’s economy • Brazil exports bananas, oranges, mangoes, cacao beans, soybeans, rice, cashew nuts, and pineapples • Foremost—leading • Steel– a strong metal made from iron and other metals • Ethanol—a liquid removed from sugarcane or corn • Biofuel—an alternative fuel made from ethanol and gasoline

  23. 3.1 Brazil’s Growing Economy pg. 230-231 • Cattle exports include leather and beef; Brazil exports more beef than the United States, Australia, and Argentina • Brazil will use new technology to develop its commercial fishing industry along 4,000 miles of Atlantic coastline • Brazil grows 1/3 of the world’s total number of coffee beans and is one of the leading exporters of sugarcane and raw sugar • Forests in Brazil provide wood for construction, to make pulp for paper products, and hardwood to make fine furniture

  24. 3.1 Brazil’s Growing Economy pg. 230-231 • Brazil also manufactures computers and electronic equipment • Brazil has produced and exported sugarcane and sugar since the 1500s • Brazil is poised to be a global leader in the production of biofuel made from ethanol • Brazil is a top producer and exporter of iron ore, bauxite (aluminum ore), gold, copper, and diamonds • Oil wells dot Brazil’s coast • Brazil manufactures steel used in automobiles, transportation equipment, and aircraft

  25. 3.2 Sao Paulo pg. 232-233 • Sao Paulo grew from a quiet mission town to a world megacity • Portuguese missionary priests founded Sao Paulo in 1554 and built a mission and a school • In the late 1600s, gold was discovered in the mountains of nearby Minas Gerais • Megacities—cities with more than 10 million people • Slums—overcrowded and poverty-stricken urban areas

  26. 3.2 Sao Paulo pg. 232-233 • Between 1880 and 1900, the population of Sao Paulo jumped from 35,000 to 240,000 due to rural to urban migration and immigration from Asia and Europe • In the mid 1900s, Sao Paulo became the industrial center of Brazil • By the mid 1700s, Brazil was producing nearly half of the world’s supply of gold • 50 years later, gold deposits were depleted but coffee production became the main economic activity; wealth from coffee contributed to rapid growth in industry and population

  27. 3.2 Sao Paulo pg. 232-233 • Slums, or favelas, developed on the outskirts of the city due to the rapid expansion of people who migrated there • Manufacturing industries like automobiles and tourism contribute to the city’s economic growth

  28. 3.3 Impact of the Olympics pg. 234-234 • The International Olympic Committee (IOC) selected Rio de Janeiro as the host of the 2016 Olympics; the first time a South American city has been chosen • Infrastructure—the basic systems that a society needs, such as roads, bridges, and sewers • Venues—locations for organized events • Impact--effect

  29. 3.3 Impact of the Olympics pg. 234-234 • Many hope for long-term improvements such as tearing down overcrowded and dangerous favelas to rebuild better neighborhoods • Hosting the games brings construction jobs and athletes and tourists to boost the economy • Rio previously hosted the 2007 Pan-American Games, only open to countries in the Western Hemisphere • These events mean improvements to the infrastructure and venues must be built or updated

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