Cold War and New Nations

1. Cold War and New Nations 736-748 751-752

2. New Nations Israel Indonesia • UN decided to split Palestine between Jews and Arabs • 1948 – David Ben-Gurion declared statehood • Attacked by surrounding nations • Cease fire • Achmed Sukarno declared independence 1945 • Dutch returned 1946 • US threatened to cut off the Dutch, so they withdrew 1949

3. New Nations Vietnam Egypt • Ho Chi Minh lead communist Vietminh • Established 1939 against Frenchand then Japanese • Vietminh got north, French got south • North wanted reunification of Vietnam – civil war • Americans thought it was a cold war battle and went in • America defeated, left 1975 • 1952: Egyptian army officers (including Gamal Abdel Nasser) overthrew King Farouk and the British influence • Attacked by Israel, France, and Britain • President Eisenhower made them stop • Nasser became a hero • USSR helped build the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River • Nasser died 1970 – his successor was Anwar Sadat • Soviet advisors expelled

4. New Nations Congo Algeria • Belgian control since Leopold II in 1885 • Riots beginning 1959 • Independence June 30, 1960 • Patrice Lumumba: prime minister • Joseph Kasavubu: president • The region of Katanga declared independence • Lumumba asked the USSR for help • Lumumba captured by Kasavubu and then murdered by Belgians and CIA • UN defeated Katanga 1963 • Joseph Mobutu led military coup • Mobutu became a dictator and stole money • Forced into exile 1997 • French colony • Nationalists in 1940’s • National Liberation Front in 1950’s – repressed by French • Violence – guerrillas • General Charles de Gaulle became French president and granted Algeria independence 1962 • Largely uneducated population • Industrialization and education

5. New Nations Cuba Nicaragua • Fidel Castro led revolution to overthrow dictator • Cuba became allies with the USSR • USA tried to isolate Cuba • Guerrilla war against US troops by Augusto Cesar Sandino • Sandino murdered by Anastasio Somoza Garcia, who took control of the country • 1960’s – largely student revolutionary movement: Sandinista Front for National Liberation • Sandinistas took control 1979 • US president Jimmy Carter tried to adjust to Sandinistas, but president Ronald Reagan tried to destabilize • Organized paramilitary force (contras) using guerrilla warfare • Acted against international law • Other Central American governments helped settle civil war

6. The Third World • 1st world: wealthy, capitalist, democratic countries (western Europe and USA) • 2nd world: communist, middle-income countries (Soviet Union and eastern European allies) • 3rd world: poor, new nations (former colonies) • 3rd world saw themselves as not destructive like NATO and Warsaw Pact countries, but peaceful, and caring about people • 1955: 3rd world representatives convened for the first time ( led by Nehru from India, Nasser from Egypt, Tito from Yugoslavia)

7. Client States and Proxy Wars • Many new 3rd world countries were unstable and impoverished • USSR and USA sought them out as allies • Helped with coups against hostile governments, and with wars against each other • USSR and USA used their proxies to fight • Guerrilla wars • Yugoslavia, though communist, rejected Soviets • 1949 – Chinese communists overthrew the government and signed a treaty with the USSR

8. Terrorism • Attacking civilian non-combatants to cause terror • High-profile and dramatic attacks • Used by governments of Nazi Germany and Communist Russia to control people • Used by revolutionary groups in Ireland, Algeria, Vietnam, and India • Often Israel and Pakistan • Goal: to scare into submission • Often opposite, angry people attack terrorists

9. The end