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Occupational Health-2

Occupational Health-2. Dr. Pracheth R. Outline. Pneumoconiosis Accidents in industry Health problems: industrialization Prevention of occupational diseases. Pneumoconiosis. Size: 0.5-3 Micron Lung fibrosis Chemical composition, concentration in air Health status No cure. Silicosis.

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Occupational Health-2

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  1. Occupational Health-2 Dr. Pracheth R.

  2. Outline • Pneumoconiosis • Accidents in industry • Health problems: industrialization • Prevention of occupational diseases

  3. Pneumoconiosis • Size: 0.5-3 Micron • Lung fibrosis • Chemical composition, concentration in air • Health status • No cure

  4. Silicosis • Inhalation of dust: free silica/silicon dioxide • Mining (coal, gold, silver, lead) • Pottery, ceramic, sand blasting • In Bihar: 34.1% miners • Long duration: more risk • IP: few months- years

  5. Continued…. • Particles: ingested by phagocytes- block lymph channels • Dense nodular fibrosis • Insidious onset • Irritant cough, dyspnoea on exertion • Snow storm appearance: X ray • Prone to pulmonary TB

  6. Continued…. • No effective treatment • Dust control-substitution • Enclosure, isolation • Regular physical examination

  7. Anthracosis • Coal miners pneumoconiosis • First phase: simple • Second phase: Progressive Massive Fibrosis: severe respiratory disability-premature death

  8. Byssinosis • Inhale cotton fibre dust- long time • Chronic cough, progressive dyspnoea • India: large textile industry

  9. Bagassosis • Sugar cane dust • Sugar cane fibre: to make- paper, cardboard • Thermophillicactinomycete-Thermoactinomycessacchari • Breathlessnes, cough, haemoptysis, slight fever • Mottling in lungs/shadow • If treated early: resolves • Emphysema, fibrosis

  10. Asbestosis • Silica combined with magnesium, iron, calcium: asbestos • Cement, fire-proof textiles, roof tiling • Deposits : alveoli • Fibrosis, respiratory insufficiency, death • Carcinoma bronchus, mesothelioma: rare cancer of pleura, peritoneum • Dyspnoea out of proportion to clinical signs

  11. Continued…. • Asbestos bodies in sputum • Prevention: • Safer types: two: chrysolite (safer), amphibole • Substitution • Dust control • Periodic examination

  12. Farmer’s lung • Inhalation of hay/grain dust • Moisture content : over 30%- bacteria, fungi grow rapidly • Rise in temperature: 40 to 50 degree C: encourages growth of thermophilicactinomycetes- Microplysporafaeni • Respiratory symptoms, repeated attacks, pulmonary fibrosis • Inevitable pulmonary damage, corpulmonale

  13. Accidents in industry • Some industries: known-accidents • Coal, mining, construction work • Increased human suffering

  14. Causes • Human: • Physical • Physiological: gender, age, time, working hours • Psychological: careless, over confidence • Environmental: • Temperature, poor illumination • Humidity, noise • Unsafe machines

  15. Prevention • 98% accidents : preventable • Pre-placement examination • Job training • Continuing education • Safe working environment • Safety department: safety engineer • Periodic surveys • Careful reporting, maintain records

  16. Sickness absenteeism • Affect production, impede cost • Absenteeism: 15 to 20 percent • Causes: • Economic: sick leave with pay-privilege • Social: weddings, festivals • Medical • Non-occupational: alcohol, drug addiction

  17. Prevention of sickness absenteeism • Good factory management and practices • Pre-placement examination • Good human relations

  18. Health problems-industrialization • Community development depends on industries • Environmental sanitation problems: • Housing • Water pollution • Air pollution • Sewage disposal

  19. Continued….. • Communicable diseases • Food sanitation • Mental health • Accidents • Social problems • Morbidity, mortality

  20. Prevention of occupational diseases • Medical • Engineering • Legislative

  21. Medical measures • Pre-placement examination: • Dye-skin lesion, lead-anaemia, silica-tuberculosis • Periodical examination: • Diseases: months/years • Once a year • Lead, toxic dyes: monthly • Dichromates: daily

  22. Continued…. • Medical and health care services • Notification: • To initiate measures of prevention, protection • Supervise working environment: • Periodic inspection • Physician visits • Fatigue, night shift, weight-workers studied

  23. Continued…. • Maintain and analysis of records • Health education and counseling

  24. Engineering measures • Design of building • Good house keeping • General ventilation: • Openings: 5 sq feet for each worker • Continued supply of fresh air • Efficient exhaust ventilation system

  25. Continued… • Mechanization: • Dermatitis prevented: hand mixing replaced by mechanical devices • Substitution: • White phosphorous by phosphorous sesquisulphide • Zinc or iron paints –lead paints

  26. Continued…… • Dusts: controlled at point of origin by water sprays. eg: wet drilling of rocks • Enclosure: harmful materials enclosed-escape of dust, fumes: atmosphere • Isolation: • Local exhaust ventilation

  27. Continued….. • Protective devices: • Environmental monitoring: • Permissible limits • Research

  28. Summary

  29. Thanks

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