1. Warm Up #1 • What do you think are the main gasses that exist in clean air? • Review: What is the function of the Ozone Layer? What is the function of the Greenhouse Gasses? • Aside from Skrillex, Drake and Tyga, any artist/song recommendations?

2. Chapter 18Air Pollution

3. ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS REALLY HOT COLD, DESTROYS METEORS CONTAINS O-ZONE LAYER CONTAINS GREENHOUSE GASSES

4. Stratosphere: Ozone Shield • Ozone Shield – filters UV radiation (sun) • Gasses Involved: Oxygen (O2) and Ozone (O3) • Humans Contribute: CFC’s, other carbon-based gasses • Effect: Ozone Depletion (polar regions)

5. Troposphere: Greenhouse Effect • Troposphere – traps heat near Earth’s surface • Gasses: Water vapor (H2O), CO2, Methane (CH4) • Humans Contribute: CO2, Methane, CFC’s, N2O (nitrous oxide) • Effect: Global Warming

6. What are CFC’s? • CFC – Chlorofluorocarbons (chlorine, fluorine and carbon) – aka FREON. • Uses: fire extinguishers (WWII), air conditioning (car, buildings), Teflon (cookware) • +’s: Low flammability/reactivity with other substances • -’s: Long lifespan (damages Ozone layer bond w/sun exposure) – Antarctica

7. Other Contributors • CO2 (carbon dioxide) – fossil fuels, logging • N20 (nitrous oxide) – fertilizers, fossil fuels • SO2 (Sulfur Dioxide) – coal/oil burning

8. Warm Up #2 • You are a molecule of air. Describe the journey from the nose to the lungs as specifically as you can. • Take a deep breath in. What do you notice happens to your rib cage (and the size of your lungs). Why do you think this occurs? • Take a deep breath out. What do you notice happens to both your rib cage and the size of your lungs? Why do you think this occurs?

9. Anatomy of the Lungs

10. Imagine… • You are visiting a friend who lives in Malibu To get there, using GoogleMaps: • Take Santa Monica Blvd to 405S • When on 405S, choose 10W junction (both are busy freeways) • 10W becomes PCH (busy 3-lane highway) • Make Right onto Sunset Blvd (busy 2-lane street) • Turn Left onto Palisades Dr. (residential cul-de-sac)

11. Now Imagine…you are an air molecule: • Journey to Malibu = Air’s journey from nose to lungs • Start: Nasal Cavity (Santa Monica) – inhale air via external nares (nostrils) • Nose contains mucus (respiratory mucosa) trapping foreign particles • Also contains blood vessels that warm air

12. Air’s Journey (Part 2) • Next: Air enters Pharynx (405S) – muscular passageway for food/air • AKA the throat • Air enters in superior portion of throat, food the inferior portion

13. Air’s Journey (Part 3) • Third: Air enters Larynx (405S/10W junction) – directs food and air into their proper channels • Epiglottis – prevents food going down windpipe • Food  esophagus • Air  trachea

14. Quick Quiz • What is the nasal cavity lined with that protects you from foreign invaders? • What is the last part of the respiratory pathway that contains BOTH food and air? • How does the larynx prevent food from going down the trachea?

15. Air’s Journey (Part 4) • Next: Air enters Trachea (10W) – aka the windpipe • Lined with cilia containing mucus (filter foreign particles) • Part of why we swallow when not eating/drinking

16. Air’s Journey (Part 5) • After: Air enters Primary bronchi (PCH) – two passageways splitting from trachea • Right bronchus = shorter, straighter wider • Air = warmed, purified, humidified (ideal for lungs)

17. Air’s journey (Part 6) • Next: Air enters bronchioles (Sunset Blvd) – first passageways inside the lungs • Contains cartilage (support/structure) • Start of respiratory zone – area where gas exchange occurs

18. Air’s Journey (Part 7) • Finally: Air enters Alveoli (Palisades Dr. – cul de sac) - tiny sacs where gas exchange occurs • 150 MILLION/lung! • Oxygen in, CO2 out

19. Breathing Pictured!

20. How Do Lungs Inflate/Deflate? DIAPHRAGM – flat muscle located beneath the lungs • Inhale – Diaphragm shifted down, allowing air to fill lungs • Exhale – Diaphragm shifted up, forcing air out of lungs

21. Warm Up #3 • Explain how the diaphragm regulates breathing. • What did the bottle cap, top balloon, and the bottom balloon represent in the body? • When you punctured the balloon, what happened to the balloon’s ability to inflate/deflate? What can you do to your body that can cause a similar effect?

22. Review • Nasal Cavity  Pharynx  Trachea  Bronchus  Bronchioles  Alveoli (gas exchange) • Diaphragm – muscle under lungs controlling breathing • Inhale = shifts down Exhale = shifts up • Effects of smoking

23. Warm Up #4 • In the movie Erin Brockovich, what sorts of effects does the water contaminant, hexavalent chromium, have on the people of Hinkley? • The power company, PG&E, tells the townspeople about the chromium, but how do they describe it? What is their motive for doing so? • What do you think PG&E’s punishment should be for contaminating the groundwater supply and lying about it? Why do you think this is just?

24. Smoke and Smog

25. Erin Brockovich and BHUSD • Oil Drills build on BHHS • 300 cancer cases  linked to oil • 2003 – lawsuit against BHUSD • Testing = inconclusive • 2007 – Brockovich loses, $450k paid for legal fees

26. Asbestos • Form of PM10 – particulate matter (smoke, lead, soot, etc) • Problem in developing countries • Break down – microscopic (enter deep in lungs) • Asymptomatic • 10-40 year build-up • Asbestosis (lung scarring) and Mesothelioma (lung cancer)

27. Contents of a Cigarette • Arsenic – rat poison • Carbon Monoxide (CO) – colorless, odorless • Harder for blood to carry oxygen • Nicotine – addictive • Radioactive substances Cute Not Cute

28. Marijuana (Cannabis) • Contains THC – chemical that induces the “high” (resembles dopamine neurotransmitter) • Positives: Used for medicinal purposes (pain-relief for cancer/AIDS patients), helps cancer patients eat (induces the “munchies”) • Negatives: Illegal (recreationally), can lead to heart and psychological problems (including addiction, anxiety), and can lead to harder drugs (cocaine)

29. What are CFC’s? • CFC – Chlorofluorocarbons (chlorine, fluorine and carbon) – aka FREON. • Uses: air conditioning (car, buildings), Teflon (cookware) • +’s: Low flammability/reactivity with other substances • -’s: Long lifespan (damages Ozone layer bond w/sun exposure) – Antarctica • Montreal Protocol – no more CFCs

30. THE CFC PROBLEM: PICTURED

31. Other Contributors • CO2 (carbon dioxide) – fossil fuels, logging • N02 (nitrogen dioxide) – fertilizers, fossil fuels • SO2 (Sulfur Dioxide) – coal/oil burning • VOC (volatile organic compounds ) – aerosol, paints, etc.

32. Types of Pollutants • Primary Pollutants – pollutants that INITIALLY rise into atmos. • Ex. SO2 • Secondary Pollutants – pollutants that form AFTER chemical reactions in atmos. • Ex. SO3 (combines with O in atmos.)

33. Common Household Pollution Sources • Car – Carbon Monoxide • Bathroom – mold/bacteria • Fireplace – Carbon Monoxide • Walls – paint fumes • Septic Pump- Radon (radioactive gas)

34. Auto Pollution: Smog • Smog – “smoky fog” Two Types: • Industrial (factories) – sulfur or carbon-based • Photochemical (cars) – nitrogen-based Influenced By: • Sunlight, population size, transportation, location

35. Smog Progress: Los Angeles • Morning Rush Hour – NO2 builds • 2NO + O2  2NO2 • Afternoon Sun – NO2 breaks down to form Ozone (O3) • NO2 + O2  NO + O3 • NO2/NO = brown color

36. Effects of Smog • Normal: Hot air rises With Smog: • Temp. Inversion – cool air trapped under warm air (no circulation)  valleys • Asthma, lung cancer, Antarctica • Heat Islands (cities) – hotter temps than surrounding area • Weather changes, deaths

37. Quick Quiz # 2 • What are three major chemical forms of pollutants? How does a primary form of one differ from a secondary form? • Why does the sky appear brown in urban areas that contain smog? • Why do you think temperature inversions usually occur in valleys (describe the conditions of a valley that make it ideal)?

38. Air in London Sucks • Acid Rain – sulfuric and nitric acids • Normal Rain pH = 5.6 • Acid Rain pH = approx. 4.5 • Cause: Burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas, etc) • Seeps into soil, contaminate water • London Fog (1952) – 4,000 dead, 100,000 hospitalized

39. Legislation Clean Air Act – established standards for air pollution • Topics: • Motor vehicle emissions • Toxic pollutants • Acid rain • Ozone depletion • Problems: • PM10 increase, clean up (not prevention), not strict enough

40. Pesticides Revisited • Pesticides – kills pests to preserve crops • Types: • Insecticide (kills insects) • Fungicide (kills fungi) • Rodenticide (kills rodents) • Herbicide (kills weeds/plants) + = preserves crops, food safety preserved - = water/air contamination  birth defects, expensive

41. Possible Solutions • Mass Transit • Less fossil fuel emissions, less smog • Renewable Energy Funding • Less fossil fuels = less smog • Tax Incentives, not Penalties • Positive reinforcement • Less Pollutant substitutes • Less NO2