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Chapter 13

Chapter 13. Heart. Functions of the Circulatory System. Heart is the pump that circulates blood Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport the blood Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries the waste products away Lymph system functions. Major Blood Circuits.

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Chapter 13

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  1. Chapter 13 Heart

  2. Functions of theCirculatory System • Heart is the pump that circulates blood • Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport the blood • Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries the waste products away • Lymph system functions

  3. Major Blood Circuits • Blood leaves the heart through arteries and returns by veins • Blood circulation routes • General or system circulation • Cardiopulmonary circulation • Changes in the composition of circulating blood

  4. The Heart • About the size of a closed fist • Weighs about 1 pound • Located in thoracic cavity; apex of heart lies on the diaphragm and points to the left of the body

  5. The Heart • After 4 to 5 minutes without blood flow, the brain cells are irreversibly damaged • Can hear the heartbeat through the stethoscope • Cardiac arrest • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

  6. Structure of the Heart • Hollow, muscular, double pump • Pericardium and pericardial fluid • Myocardium • Cardiac muscle tissue • Endocardium

  7. Structure of the Heart • Superior and inferior vena cava • Coronary sinus • Pulmonary artery • Pulmonary veins • Aorta

  8. Chambers and Valves • Separated into right and left halves by septum; then each half separated into an upper and lower chamber • Upper chambers • Left and right atria

  9. Chambers and Valves • Low chambers • Left and right ventricles • Valves keep blood flow going in one direction

  10. Valves • Atrioventricular valves • Tricuspid valve • Bicuspid or mitral valve • Semilunar valves • Pulmonary semilunar valve • Aortic semilunar valve

  11. Physiology of the Heart • Double pump • Right heart • Deoxygenated blood • Left heart • Oxygenated blood

  12. Heart Rate and Cardiac Output • Normal adult rate is between 72 and 80 beats per minute • Stroke volume • Calculating the cardiac output • Exercise increases cardiac output

  13. Heart Sounds • Valves make a sound when they close • Called lubb dupp sounds • Lubb • Tricuspid and bicuspid valves (S1) • Dupp • Aortic and pulmonary valves (S2)

  14. Conduction System • Electrical impulses cause rhythmic beating of heart • Sinoatrial (SA) node or pacemaker • Atrioventricular (AV) node • Bundle of His • Purkinje fibers

  15. ECG or EKG • The electrocardiogram is a device to record the electrical activity of the heart • Systole • Contraction • Diastole • Relaxation

  16. ECG or EKG • Positive and negative deflection • P, QRS, and T waves

  17. Prevention of Heart Disease • Heart disease is the leading cause of death • Coronary heart disease • Risk factors • Steps to lower risk or prevent heart disease • Blood cholesterol levels and triglycerides

  18. Diagnostic Tests Noninvasive • Angiography • Cardiac MRI • Coronary calcium scoring/heart scan • Echocardiography • Electrocardiogram

  19. Diagnostic Tests Noninvasive • Exercise stress tests • Holter monitor • MUGA • Transesophageal echocardiography

  20. Diagnostic Tests Invasive • Cardiac catheterization • IVUS (intravascular coronary ultrasound)

  21. Diagnostic Tests Blood Tests • Arterial blood gases • BNP • Lipid panel • Cardiac enzymes • INR/Prothrombin time tests

  22. Animation – The Heart Click Here to play Heart animation

  23. Effects of Aging • Heart muscle fibers replaced by fibrous tissue • Heart valves increase in thickness • Cardiac output decreases • Changes become more significant when elderly person becomes physically or mentally stressed

  24. Diseases of the Heart –Common Symptoms • Arrhythmia • Bradycardia • Tachycardia • Murmurs • Mitral valve prolapse

  25. Diseases of the Coronary Artery • Coronary artery disease (CAD) • Angina pectoris • Myocardial infarction

  26. Infectious Diseases of the Heart • Pericarditis • Myocarditis • Endocarditis • Rheumatic heart disease

  27. Heart Failure • When the ventricles of the heart are unable to contract effectively and blood pools in the heart • Symptoms depend on which ventricle fails

  28. Heart Failure • Left ventricle failure • Dyspnea • Right ventricle failure • Engorgement of organs, edema and ascites

  29. Congestive Heart Failure • Similar to heart failure plus edema of the lower extremities and blood backs up into the lungs • Treatment

  30. Rhythm/Conduction Defects • Heart block • First-degree block • Second-degree block • Third-degree block or complete heart block • Premature contractions • PACs • PVCs • Fibrillation

  31. Types of Heart Surgery • Angioplasty • Coronary bypass • Cardiac stents • Transmyocardial laser revascularization

  32. Heart Transplants • Used as last resort • Histocompatibility • Organ rejection

  33. Medical Highlights • Pacemaker • Cardiac resynchronization therapy • Defibrillator • Heart pumps

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