The Road to Independence!

1. Phase II A New Republic (1763-1824) The Road to Independence! “let us disappoint the men who are raising themselves upon the ruin of this country” Samuel Addams, 1776

2. The Foundations Democracy vs. Republic What is limited government? Magna Carta English Bill of Rights John Locke “natural rights” “social contract”

3. The Foundations Self Government in the Colonies: • Representative government • Sovereignty • Colonial governors • Colonial legislatures • Tradition

4. Philosophical Changes The Enlightenment • Natural laws apply to society • Use of logic and reasoning • John Locke • Apply reason to politics/government • Jean Jacques Rousseau – consent of the people • Montesquieu – govt. should be divided

5. Philosophical Changes The Great Awakening • Revivals throughout the colonies • A reaction to the enlightenment • Jonathan Edwards – focus on personal experience • George Whitefield, Anglican minister, 1739, Philadelphia – challenged current religious leaders • In the south, Baptist congregations will grow • Separate African Christian atmosphere

6. Influence Both movements will focus on individualism, and support political independence • The Enlightenment will provide arguments against British rule • The Great Awakening will undermine allegiance to traditional authority

7. Bring It All Together Independence

8. Road to the Revolution Place the following events on the flow chart Provide the year and brief description: Sugar Act Stamp Act Boston Tea Party Boston Massacre Common Sense Declaration of Ind. Townshend Acts Proclamation Act French and Indian War Lexington-Concord First Continental Congress

9. Events of Consequence French and Indian War Proclamation Act Sugar Act Stamp Act Townshend Acts Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party First Continental Congress Lexington and Concord Common Sense Declaration of Independence

10. British Mercantilism in the Colonies

11. Navigation Acts

12. The French & Indian War (1756 to 1763) “The Great War for Empire”

13. Was 1763 a "turning point" in British-colonial relationships???

14. North America in 1750

15. 1754  The First Clash The Ohio Valley British French Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne* George Washington * Delaware & Shawnee Indians

16. 1754  Albany Plan of Union Ben Franklin  representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA • Albany Congress failed Iroquois broke off relations with Britain & threatened to trade with the French.

17. British-American Colonial Tensions Methods ofFighting: • Indian-style guerilla tactics. • March in formation or bayonet charge. MilitaryOrganization: • Col. militias served under own captains. • Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. MilitaryDiscipline: • No mil. deference or protocols observed. • Drills & tough discipline. Finances: • Resistance to rising taxes. • Colonists should pay for their own defense. Demeanor: • Casual, non-professionals. • Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

18. 1763  Treaty of Paris France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain -->got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England. England -->got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

19. North America in 1763

20. Effects of the War on Britain? 1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. 3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her American Empire was necessary!

21. Effects of the War on the American Colonials 1.It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

22. BACKLASH! British Proclamation Line of 1763.

23. Rethinking Their Empire Br. Gvt. measures to prevent smuggling: 1761 writs of assistance • James Otis’ case • allows British officials to search homes for smuggled goods

24. George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765 1. Sugar Act - 1764 2. Currency Act - 1764 3. Quartering Act - 1765 4. Stamp Act - 1765

25. Stamp Act Crisis Sons of Liberty– began in NYC:Samuel Adams Stamp Act Congress– 1765*Stamp Act Resolves Declaratory Act– 1766

26. Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770 1767 William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. • Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts & quartering of troops  paying col. govt. salaries. • He diverted revenue collection from internal to external trade. • Tax these imports  paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. • Increase custom officials at American ports  established a Board of Customs in Boston.

27. For the first time, many colonists began calling people who joined the non-importation movement, "patriots!"

28. The Boston Massacre (March 5,1770)

29. Committees of Correspondence Purpose warn neighboring colonies about incidents with Br. broaden the resistance movement.

30. Tea Act (1773) • British East India Co.: • Monopoly on Br. tea imports. • Many members of Parliament held shares. • Permitted the Co. to sell tea directly to cols. (cheaper tea!) • North expected the colonists to eagerly choose the cheaper tea.

31. Boston Tea Party (1773)

32. The Coercive or IntolerableActs (1774) 1. Port Bill 2. Government Act 3. New Quartering Act 4. Administration of Justice Act Lord North

33. First Continental Congress (1774) 55 delegates from 12 colonies Agenda How to respond to the Coercive Acts? 1 vote per colony represented.

34. The British Are Coming . . . Paul Revere & William Dawes make their midnight ride to warn the Minutemen of approaching British soldiers.

35. The Shot Heard ’Round the World! Lexington & Concord – April 18,1775

36. The Second Continental Congress(1775) Olive Branch Petition

37. Thomas Paine: Common Sense

38. Declaration of Independence (1776)

39. New National Symbols

40. Common Sense Published January 1776 Thomas Paine 100,000 copies sold in three months Written in regular terms First document to clearly make the case for “complete separation” Assisted by Benjamin Franklin

41. Common Sense Paine’s Arguments: • Parliament was the enemy • King George III supported • Monarchies seized power from the people “Everything that is right or reasonable pleads for separation “ “Society in every state is a blessing, but government even in its best state is but a necessary evil; in its worst state an intolerable one. For when we suffer, or are exposed to the same miseries by a government, which we might expect in a country without a government”

42. Declaration of Independence A Committee of Five: Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, John Adams, and Robert Livingston States reasons for independence, “crimes of the king” Act of treason?

43. The American Revolution: 1775-1783

44. The Revolution Battles: • Lexington and Concord • Bunker Hill • Trenton • Brandywine Creek • Saratoga • Kings Mountain • Yorktown

45. On the Eve of the Revolution ?

46. Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral]. • State/colony loyalties. • Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army. • Poor training [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben. Washington’s Headaches

47. Exports & Imports: 1768-1783

48. Military Strategies The Americans The British • Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line]. • Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war  you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down] • Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies. • Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So. • Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally. • “Divide and Conquer”  use the Loyalists.

49. Phase I:The Northern Campaign[1775-1776]

50. Bunker Hill (June, 1775) The British suffered over 40% casualties.