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Figure 11.1

Figure 11.1. CELL COMMUNICATION. 1. 2. 3.  factor. Receptor. Figure 11.2. Exchange of mating factors. a. . a factor. Yeast cell, mating type a. Yeast cell, mating type . Mating. a. . New a/  cell. a/ . 1. 2. 3. Figure 11.3. Individual rod-shaped cells.

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Figure 11.1

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  1. Figure 11.1 CELL COMMUNICATION

  2. 1 2 3  factor Receptor Figure 11.2 Exchange of mating factors a  a factor Yeast cell, mating type a Yeast cell, mating type  Mating a  New a/ cell a/

  3. 1 2 3 Figure 11.3 Individualrod-shapedcells Aggregation in progress 0.5 mm Spore-formingstructure(fruiting body) 2.5 mm Fruiting bodies

  4. Plasma membranes Figure 11.4 Gap junctionsbetween animal cells Plasmodesmatabetween plant cells (a) Cell junctions (b) Cell-cell recognition

  5. Figure 11.5a Local signaling Electrical signalalong nerve celltriggers release ofneurotransmitter. Target cell Neurotransmitter diffuses across synapse. Secretingcell Secretoryvesicle Local regulatordiffuses throughextracellular fluid. Target cellis stimulated. (b) Synaptic signaling (a) Paracrine signaling

  6. Long-distance signaling Figure 11.5b Endocrine cell Bloodvessel Hormone travelsin bloodstream. Target cellspecificallybinds hormone. (c) Endocrine (hormonal) signaling

  7. 1 Figure 11.6-1 EXTRACELLULARFLUID CYTOPLASM Plasma membrane Reception Receptor Signalingmolecule

  8. 2 1 Figure 11.6-2 EXTRACELLULARFLUID CYTOPLASM Plasma membrane Reception Transduction Receptor Relay molecules in a signal transductionpathway Signalingmolecule

  9. 3 2 1 Figure 11.6-3 EXTRACELLULARFLUID CYTOPLASM Plasma membrane Response Reception Transduction Receptor Activationof cellularresponse Relay molecules in a signal transductionpathway Signalingmolecule

  10. 1 2 4 3 Figure 11.7b G protein-coupledreceptor Plasmamembrane Activatedreceptor Signalingmolecule Inactiveenzyme GTP GDP GDP CYTOPLASM Enzyme G protein(inactive) GTP GDP Activatedenzyme GTP GDP P i Cellular response

  11. 2 1 3 4 Signalingmolecule (ligand) Ligand-binding site Figure 11.7c Signalingmolecule  helix in themembrane Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyrosines Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr CYTOPLASM Receptor tyrosinekinase proteins(inactive monomers) Dimer Activated relayproteins Cellularresponse 1 P Tyr P Tyr P Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr P Tyr P Tyr P P Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr P Cellularresponse 2 Tyr P Tyr P Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P 6 ADP 6 ATP Fully activatedreceptor tyrosinekinase(phosphorylateddimer) Activated tyrosinekinase regions(unphosphorylateddimer) Inactiverelay proteins

  12. 2 1 3 Figure 11.7d Gate closed Gate closed Ions Gate open Signalingmolecule (ligand) Plasmamembrane Ligand-gatedion channel receptor Cellularresponse

  13. EXTRACELLULARFLUID Hormone(testosterone) Figure 11.9-1 Plasmamembrane Receptorprotein DNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM

  14. EXTRACELLULARFLUID Hormone(testosterone) Figure 11.9-2 Plasmamembrane Receptorprotein Hormone-receptorcomplex DNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM

  15. EXTRACELLULARFLUID Hormone(testosterone) Figure 11.9-3 Plasmamembrane Receptorprotein Hormone-receptorcomplex DNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM

  16. EXTRACELLULARFLUID Hormone(testosterone) Figure 11.9-4 Plasmamembrane Receptorprotein Hormone-receptorcomplex DNA mRNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM

  17. EXTRACELLULARFLUID Hormone(testosterone) Figure 11.9-5 Plasmamembrane Receptorprotein Hormone-receptorcomplex DNA mRNA NUCLEUS New protein CYTOPLASM

  18. Signaling molecule Figure 11.10 Receptor Activated relaymolecule Inactiveprotein kinase1 Activeprotein kinase1 Inactiveprotein kinase2 ATP Phosphorylation cascade ADP P Activeprotein kinase2 PP P i Inactiveprotein kinase3 ATP ADP P Activeprotein kinase3 PP P i Inactiveprotein ATP P ADP Activeprotein Cellularresponse PP P i

  19. First messenger(signaling moleculesuch as epinephrine) Figure 11.12 Adenylylcyclase G protein GTP G protein-coupledreceptor ATP Second messenger cAMP Proteinkinase A Cellular responses

  20. EXTRA-CELLULARFLUID Signaling molecule(first messenger) Figure 11.14-1 G protein DAG GTP G protein-coupledreceptor PIP2 Phospholipase C IP3 (second messenger) IP3-gatedcalcium channel Endoplasmicreticulum (ER) Ca2 CYTOSOL

  21. EXTRA-CELLULARFLUID Signaling molecule(first messenger) Figure 11.14-2 G protein DAG GTP G protein-coupledreceptor PIP2 Phospholipase C IP3 (second messenger) IP3-gatedcalcium channel Endoplasmicreticulum (ER) Ca2 Ca2(secondmessenger) CYTOSOL

  22. EXTRA-CELLULARFLUID Signaling molecule(first messenger) Figure 11.14-3 G protein DAG GTP G protein-coupledreceptor PIP2 Phospholipase C IP3 (second messenger) IP3-gatedcalcium channel Variousproteinsactivated Cellularresponses Endoplasmicreticulum (ER) Ca2 Ca2(secondmessenger) CYTOSOL

  23. Growth factor Reception Receptor Figure 11.15 Phosphorylationcascade Transduction CYTOPLASM Inactivetranscriptionfactor Activetranscriptionfactor Response P DNA Gene NUCLEUS mRNA

  24. Figure 11.18 Signalingmolecule Receptor Relay molecules Activationor inhibition Response 2 Response 3 Response 5 Response 4 Response 1 Cell B. Pathway branches,leading to two responses. Cell D. Different receptorleads to a differentresponse. Cell C. Cross-talk occursbetween two pathways. Cell A. Pathway leadsto a single response.

  25. Ced-9protein (active)inhibits Ced-4activity Figure 11.21a Mitochondrion Ced-3 Ced-4 Receptorfor death-signalingmolecule Inactive proteins (a) No death signal

  26. Ced-9(inactive) Cellformsblebs Figure 11.21b Death-signalingmolecule ActiveCed-4 ActiveCed-3 Otherproteases Nucleases Activationcascade (b) Death signal

  27. Figure 11.22 Cells undergoingapoptosis Space betweendigits 1 mm Interdigital tissue

  28. Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle

  29. 100 m (a) Reproduction Figure 12.2 200 m (b) Growth and development 20 m (c) Tissue renewal

  30. Figure 12.4 Sisterchromatids Centromere 0.5 m

  31. ChromosomalDNA molecules Chromosomes Figure 12.5-3 Centromere 1 Chromosomearm Chromosome duplication(including DNA replication)and condensation 2 Sisterchromatids Separation of sisterchromatids intotwo chromosomes 3

  32. INTERPHASE Figure 12.6 S(DNA synthesis) G1 Cytokinesis G2 Mitosis MITOTIC(M) PHASE

  33. Figure 12.7a Prometaphase G2 of Interphase Prophase Fragments of nuclearenvelope Centrosomes(with centriole pairs) Early mitoticspindle Nonkinetochoremicrotubules Chromatin(duplicated) Aster Centromere Plasmamembrane Kinetochore Nucleolus Kinetochoremicrotubule Chromosome, consistingof two sister chromatids Nuclearenvelope

  34. Centrosome Figure 12.8 Aster Metaphaseplate(imaginary) Sisterchromatids Microtubules Chromosomes Kineto-chores Centrosome 1 m Overlappingnonkinetochoremicrotubules Kinetochoremicrotubules 0.5 m

  35. Figure 12.9b CONCLUSION Chromosomemovement Kinetochore Microtubule Tubulinsubunits Motor protein Chromosome

  36. Figure 12.7b Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis Nucleolusforming Metaphase plate Cleavagefurrow Nuclearenvelopeforming Spindle Centrosome atone spindle pole Daughterchromosomes

  37. Figure 12.11 Chromatincondensing Nucleus 10 m Nucleolus Chromosomes Cell plate 3 4 5 2 Anaphase 1 Prophase Metaphase Telophase Prometaphase

  38. Figure 12.11a Chromatincondensing Nucleus Nucleolus 10 m 1 Prophase

  39. Figure 12.11b Chromosomes 10 m 2 Prometaphase

  40. Figure 12.11c 10 m 3 Metaphase

  41. Figure 12.11d 10 m 4 Anaphase

  42. Figure 12.11e 10 m Cell plate 5 Telophase

  43. Figure 12.UN02

  44. Figure 12.10 (a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM) (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (TEM) 100 m Vesiclesformingcell plate Cleavage furrow Wall of parent cell 1 m New cell wall Cell plate Daughter cells Contractile ring ofmicrofilaments Daughter cells

  45. Cell wall Origin ofreplication Plasma membrane Figure 12.12-4 E. coli cell Bacterial chromosome 1 Chromosomereplicationbegins. Two copies of origin 2 Origin Origin Replicationcontinues. 3 Replicationfinishes. 4 Two daughtercells result.

  46. Diatoms andsome yeasts (c) Bacterialchromosome (a) Bacteria Figure 12.13 Chromosomes Microtubules (b) Dinoflagellates Intact nuclearenvelope Kinetochoremicrotubule Intact nuclearenvelope Kinetochoremicrotubule (d) Most eukaryotes Fragments ofnuclear envelope

  47. G1 checkpoint Figure 12.15 Controlsystem S G1 G2 M M checkpoint G2 checkpoint

  48. Figure 12.16 G0 G1 checkpoint G1 G1 (a) Cell receives a go-ahead signal. (b) Cell does not receive a go-ahead signal.

  49. Figure 12.17a M M G1 G2 G1 G2 M S G1 S MPF activity Cyclinconcentration Time (a) Fluctuation of MPF activity and cyclin concentration during the cell cycle

  50. Figure 12.17b G1 S Cdk Cyclin accumulation M G2 Degradedcyclin G2checkpoint Cdk Cyclin isdegraded Cyclin MPF (b) Molecular mechanisms that help regulate the cell cycle

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