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Chapter 13 explores the profound changes in the Northern economy before the Civil War. Industrialization reshaped labor, transportation, and communication, with inventions like the sewing machine and the telegraph revolutionizing production. From the rise of factories, such as those in Lowell, Massachusetts, to the development of railroads and canals that facilitated trade, this chapter delves into the lives of factory workers, the rise of labor unions, and the harsh working conditions they faced. It also highlights the pull factors attracting immigrants to the North during this transformative period.
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Pre-Civil War The North’s People & Economy Chapter 13.1 and 13.2
At the same time that national spirit and pride were growing throughout the country, a strong sectional rivalry was also developing. Both North and South wanted to further their economic and political interests.
North • Industrialization changed the way Americans worked, traveled, and communicated. • Manufacturers made products by diving tasks among workers. • Products were made quicker by machinery.
Sewing Machine • Elias Howe invented the sewing machine in 1846. • Mass production of cotton textiles grew in New England. • Responsible for 2/3rds of the country’s manufactured goods.
The Transportation Revolution
Steamboat • Robert Fulton developed this in 1807. • Enabled goods and passengers to move along the inland waterways cheaper and quicker than ever before.
Roads and Canals • 1,000s of miles of roads and canals were built between 1800 and 1850
First Turnpike –1790 Lancaster, PA • By 1832, nearly 2,400 miles of road connected most major cities.
Erie Canal • Begun in 1817; completed in 1825
Clipper Ships • Got their name for “clipping” time • Sailed 300 miles a day, as fast as most steamboats
The Railroad Revolution
The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) • 1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RRBy 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 mi.]
Railroads • Immigrant labor built the North Railroads • Slave labor built the South Railroads
Moving Goods and People • The development of the east-west canal and the rail network allowed grain, livestock, and dairy products to move. • The railroads also played an important role in helping to bring people into Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, allowing new cities to rise.
New Inventions
Resourcefulness & Experimentation • American were willing to try anything. • They were first copiers, then innovators. • 1800 –41 patents were approved. • 1860– 4, 357 patents were improved.
Morse Code, 1844 • Samuel Morse • Telegraph, sending an instant message “back then”
Steel Plow • John Deere, 1837 • Invented the steel plow
Mechanical Reaper • Cyrus McCormick • Helped to speed up the harvesting of wheat
Thresher • Quickly separated grain from the stalk
The North’s People
Northern Factories • Between 1820 and 1860, more & more of America’s manufacturing shifted to mills & factories. • Machines took over many of the production tasks.
Samuel Slater “Father of the Factory System”
The Lowell/Waltham System • The first dual-purpose textile plant • Francis Cabot Lowell’s town (1814)
Lowell, Massachusetts Mill Factories were producing shows, watches, guns, sewing machines, and agricultural machinery.
Working Conditions • As factories grew, working conditions worsened • Employees worked an average 11.4-hour day, often under dangerous and unpleasant conditions. • There were no laws that existed to regular working conditions.
Lowell Girls • Girls worked from 5 am to 7 pm, an average of 73 hours a week. • Each room had about 80 women working at machines, with 2 male overseers • Noise was “frightful and infernal” • Rooms were hot • Air was flooded with thread particles.
Lowell Boarding Houses • Workers lived year-long in them • Men were not allowed inside • Curfew was at 10pm • 6 women to a room • “small, comfortless, half-ventilated apartment” • Ate and worked together • Rarely left • Expected to attend church and demonstrate morals befitting proper society
Unions • By 1830s, workers began to organize to improve working conditions • Trade unions, or organizations of workers with the same trade or skill, developed • Unskilled workers also organized due to poor working conditions
The Factory Girl’s Garland • February 20, 1845 issue
I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes! • I'm a factory girlEveryday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!I'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of work each dayAnd we have such low payWishing for shorten work times!I'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlSick of all this harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!
Sarah G. Bagley • Lowell Female Labor Reform Organization was founded by Sarah Bagley • She petitioned for a 10-hour workday in 1845. • Because most of the petition’s signers were women, the legislature did not consider the petition.
Pull Factors • Immigrants came to the USA for jobs and opportunities
Pulling more Immigrants • Jobs were a leading factor • So was free land
Tenements They lived in tenements http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzT8EqhuYxA&feature=related
Child Labor Many immigrants put their children to work right away
