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Pre-Civil War. The North’s People & Economy Chapter 13.1 and 13.2. At the same time that national spirit and pride were growing throughout the country, a strong sectional rivalry was also developing. Both North and South wanted to further their economic and political interests. . North.
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Pre-Civil War The North’s People & Economy Chapter 13.1 and 13.2
At the same time that national spirit and pride were growing throughout the country, a strong sectional rivalry was also developing. Both North and South wanted to further their economic and political interests.
North • Industrialization changed the way Americans worked, traveled, and communicated. • Manufacturers made products by diving tasks among workers. • Products were made quicker by machinery.
Sewing Machine • Elias Howe invented the sewing machine in 1846. • Mass production of cotton textiles grew in New England. • Responsible for 2/3rds of the country’s manufactured goods.
The Transportation Revolution
Steamboat • Robert Fulton developed this in 1807. • Enabled goods and passengers to move along the inland waterways cheaper and quicker than ever before.
Roads and Canals • 1,000s of miles of roads and canals were built between 1800 and 1850
First Turnpike –1790 Lancaster, PA • By 1832, nearly 2,400 miles of road connected most major cities.
Erie Canal • Begun in 1817; completed in 1825
Clipper Ships • Got their name for “clipping” time • Sailed 300 miles a day, as fast as most steamboats
The Railroad Revolution
The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) • 1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RRBy 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 mi.]
Railroads • Immigrant labor built the North Railroads • Slave labor built the South Railroads
Moving Goods and People • The development of the east-west canal and the rail network allowed grain, livestock, and dairy products to move. • The railroads also played an important role in helping to bring people into Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, allowing new cities to rise.
New Inventions
Resourcefulness & Experimentation • American were willing to try anything. • They were first copiers, then innovators. • 1800 –41 patents were approved. • 1860– 4, 357 patents were improved.
Morse Code, 1844 • Samuel Morse • Telegraph, sending an instant message “back then”
Steel Plow • John Deere, 1837 • Invented the steel plow
Mechanical Reaper • Cyrus McCormick • Helped to speed up the harvesting of wheat
Thresher • Quickly separated grain from the stalk
The North’s People
Northern Factories • Between 1820 and 1860, more & more of America’s manufacturing shifted to mills & factories. • Machines took over many of the production tasks.
Samuel Slater “Father of the Factory System”
The Lowell/Waltham System • The first dual-purpose textile plant • Francis Cabot Lowell’s town (1814)
Lowell, Massachusetts Mill Factories were producing shows, watches, guns, sewing machines, and agricultural machinery.
Working Conditions • As factories grew, working conditions worsened • Employees worked an average 11.4-hour day, often under dangerous and unpleasant conditions. • There were no laws that existed to regular working conditions.
Lowell Girls • Girls worked from 5 am to 7 pm, an average of 73 hours a week. • Each room had about 80 women working at machines, with 2 male overseers • Noise was “frightful and infernal” • Rooms were hot • Air was flooded with thread particles.
Lowell Boarding Houses • Workers lived year-long in them • Men were not allowed inside • Curfew was at 10pm • 6 women to a room • “small, comfortless, half-ventilated apartment” • Ate and worked together • Rarely left • Expected to attend church and demonstrate morals befitting proper society
Unions • By 1830s, workers began to organize to improve working conditions • Trade unions, or organizations of workers with the same trade or skill, developed • Unskilled workers also organized due to poor working conditions
The Factory Girl’s Garland • February 20, 1845 issue
I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes! • I'm a factory girlEveryday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!I'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of work each dayAnd we have such low payWishing for shorten work times!I'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlSick of all this harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!
Sarah G. Bagley • Lowell Female Labor Reform Organization was founded by Sarah Bagley • She petitioned for a 10-hour workday in 1845. • Because most of the petition’s signers were women, the legislature did not consider the petition.
Pull Factors • Immigrants came to the USA for jobs and opportunities
Pulling more Immigrants • Jobs were a leading factor • So was free land
Tenements They lived in tenements http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzT8EqhuYxA&feature=related
Child Labor Many immigrants put their children to work right away
