1. 1793-1860 Industrial RevolutionakaMarket Revolution Changes in production of goods revolutionize (significantly change) our standard of living, the way (& the where) we live & how we work.

2. Began in Britain, early 1700s • New manufacturing processes: from hand to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power and development of machine tools, from wood to coal. “Slater the Traitor” memorized factory mill design and emigrated to the U.S.

3. Effects of the Market Revolution • Rapid Urbanization in the north • People move to cities to work in factories • Increased standard of living (age labor) • Gender roles (“Cult of Domesticity”) • Increased dependence on slave labor • Increased division between North & South

4. U.S. Industrialization, 1800s • Began in New England Why? • Farming was difficult • Rushing rivers provided water power • Close to coal & iron resources and ports • An economic system which encouraged growth & competition (CAPITALISM) • Large labor force (immigrants from Europe, i.e. Ireland)

5. New England factories: TEXTILE • Factory system -> increased efficiency of manufacturing goods, difficult working conditions • Interchangeable parts depended on less skilled labor & made repairs easier -> mass production • Wage labor -> increased standard of living • Urbanization -> rapid population & resulting problems (pollution, housing shortages, sanitation)

6. Western agriculture • Steel plow replaces wooden plow -> till soil faster & cheaper • Mechanical mower-reaper quintupled the efficiency of wheat farming $$$ For the 1st time, farmers could transport crop surpluses to the Northeast What were some consequences of agricultural advances? • cheaper and more available food • more profits for farmers

7. South: King Cotton dominates • Cotton gin required enormous amounts of land (westward expansion) & slave labor (the peculiar institution)

8. Connecting the regions • The Erie canal (1825) linked western farmers with eastern manufacturers • Steamboats (1807) permitted fast 2 way traffic on waterways • Railroads (1850s) were mostly in the North • the Telegraph (1835) enabled rapid communication • Federal funds built roads to connect the west with the east