Educational Transition 1300-1700

1. Educational Transition1300-1700

2. Educational Transition1300-1700 The Renaissance and The Reformation

3. Define the two periods that make up the Transition period • Name the Key People and discuss the similarities and differences of their philosophies • Describe how developments from the Transition still affect education today Learning Objectives

4. Timeline

5. The Renaissance (1300+) • Began around 1300 in Italy with the rebirth of interest in classical learning and free inquiry (Johnson et al., 2011, p. 33). • The movement owed much to Greek philosophy • During this period it was primarily individuals seeking social and intellectual freedom from the Roman Catholic Church (Johnson et al., 2011, p. 33-34). • Interest rose in educating commoners in both liberal arts and religion (Johnson et al., 2011, p. 34). The Renaissance

6. Erasmus Erasmus (1466-1536) • Staunch opponent of the ways of the church from early life after his guardians forced him to enter the clergy (Kreis, 2004). • Proponent of rational doctrine and common sense (Johnson et al., 2011, p. 34). • While considered a humanist educator himself, he was opposed to humanists valuing "style over matter” (Kreis, 2004). • Also disagreed with the Lutherans as he never completely broke with the RCC (Kreis, 2004). • Wrote several well-known works such as “The Praise of Folly" in which he criticized various respected groups such as merchants, lawyers, philosophers, monks, and friars (Kreis, 2004). • Viewed the purpose of education as instructing pupils in piety, liberal arts, social skills, and moral behavior (Johnson et al., 2011, p. 34).

7. The Reformation (1517+) • This period focused mainly on attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church (Johnson et al, 2011, p. 34). • As people accepted the idea that Christians could be educated and still be good Christians, the RCC came under increasing pressure to change (Johnson et al., 2011, p. 33-35). • The RCC offered only direct instruction of the RCC's official interpretation of the Bible, had long sought to keep lay people ignorant, and strongly discouraged people from attempting to interpret the Bible for themselves (Johnson et al., 2011, p. 34). • The Reformation saw large break-away movements (i.e. Protestant groups) too powerful for the Pope's armies to simply extinguishand with increasing government backing (Johnson et al., 2011; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2012). The Reformation

8. Martin Luther Martin Luther (1483-1546) • Published his ninety-five theses in 1517, not coincidentally the year the Reformation formally began (Johnson et al., 2011, p. 34). • These 95 theses were Luther's issues with the Roman Catholic Church • Included was the belief that the RCC’s accepted interpretation was wrong and that all people should be educated to read and interpret the Bible for themselves (Johnson et al., 2011, p. 34). • The Lutherans were the first Protestants to present real alternatives to the RCC for many people, not only elite and those close to an individual educator (Johnson et al., 2011, p. 34).

9. Society of Jesus The Counter-Reformation and the Jesuits (1540) • Backlash against Protestantism came in the creation of the Society of the Jesus by Ignatius of Loyola (Johnson et al., 2011, p. 34). • The Jesuits played a large role in preventing Protestantism from claiming Europe (Johnson et al., 2011, p. 34). • Rather than educate Christians, they educated people to be Catholics and teach others to be Catholics (Johnson, 2011). • This was a major change from simply educating people to be clergy (Johnson et al., 2011, p. 34). • Many powerful and wealthy people sent their sons to the Jesuits to receive a Catholic education, which remains an option to this day (Johnson et al., 2011, p. 35).

10. Comenius Johann Amos Comenius (1592-1670) • Prolific textbook author, particularly bilingual language books to teach Latin (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2012). • Education received a huge boost at this time due to the invention of the printing press (Johnson et al., 2011, p. 35). • Influenced by the writings of Sir Francis Bacon and believed science could help bring about the millennium on Earth (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2012). • Advocated focusing on learners and then giving instruction based on the learner's natural learning preferences (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2012). • Proposed education for all youth and using an educational system to rebuild society (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2012).

11. Locke John Locke (1632-1704) • An influential and well-known philosopher then and now • Social Contract, toleration, and other writings outside education still have great impact today • Advocated focusing on learners and their environment and making the environment non-threatening (Johnson et al., 2011, p. 35). • Most schools relied on fear and punishment prior to this • Believed a child was born with a blank mind (tabula rasa) and should be instructed in physical and moral education, and then study liberal arts, law, maths, and languages (EncyclopaediaBritannica, 2012).

12. Educational Transition • The Renaissance and The Reformation • Four Key People: Erasmus, Luther, Comenius, Locke • Key developments: Protestantism, textbook printing, Catholic and Protestant schools, humanism, and rise of liberal arts and science • Separation of classical education from the RCC’s direct religious instruction • Increasing support for educating common people Summary

13. Timeline

14. Kreis, Steven. (2004, May). Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History: Desiderius Erasmus, 1466-1536. Retrieved from http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/era smus.html • Johnson, J. et al. (2011). Foundations of American education: perspectives on education in a changing world (15th ed.) Boston, MA: Pearson Education Inc. • John Amos Comenius. (2012). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/t opic/127493/John-Amos-Comenius • John Locke. (2012). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/34 5753/John-Locke Works Cited