Unit 4

1. Unit 4 Recognizing Supporting Details Signal Words

2. Organizational patterns & Signal words 1. Signal words for Listing • Sequence (of advantage, importance, reasons) • First, firstly, first of all, to begin with, first and foremost; • Second, secondly, besides, moreover, additionally, furthermore, what’s more, in addition, and__, another benefit is__, an additional advantage is __; • Last, finally, lastly, last but not least, above all, most important of all,__.

3. Transition: Now let’s look at the reverse side of the medal. But merits usually go hand in hand with demerits. However, every coin has two sides. When we are discussing the merits of __, we cannot forget their demerits. • Sequence (of disadvantages, seriousness, reasons) • More serious,__ Even worse,__ To make matter worse,__ Most serious of all__ Worst of all,___

4. 2. Signal words for illustrating • To illustrate,__ For example,__ Say,__ • A case in point is ___. Take __for example. • An example of this can be seen with__. • There is now evidence that __. • According to the statistics of __ • It is estimated that__ • As another instance,___.

5. This is also true in the case of ___ • It is the same with__ ___is in the same case. • The same thing goes for___. • The same sort of thing happens in __ • ___can also serve as a good example. • Perhaps the most striking instance happened to me when__

6. 3. Signal words for cause and effect • Part of the explanation for the trend is __. For one thing,__. For another, ___. • Another important factor is ___. • Perhaps the prime reason is that ___. • Finally, ___is responsible for the change/increase/growth. • The effects that ___bring about are far-reaching.

7. What effects can be attributed to phenomena such as __? • The immediate result it produces is that___. • The next might be___. • Perhaps the most obvious yet most important/serious effect is ___. • In conclusion, there are some causes and effects of ___. There might be more underlying causes and some more unpredictable effects, but it can be certain that the trend is irreversible.

8. 4. Signal words for comparison and contrast • Comparison • A___. Likewise, B___. • A___. Similarly, B___. Similar to A, B___. • A___. Also, B___. • A___. By the same token, B___. • A___. In somewhat similar fashion, B___. • Contrast • A___. In contrast, B___. • A___. On the contrary, B___. • A___. However, B___. • A___. On the other hand, B___. • Unlike A, B___. Different from A, B___.

9. 4. 句美 • 句子是能够表达一个相对完整的意思并且有一个特定语调的语言单位。人们写文章，都离不开遣词造句。“遣词”，虽涉及语言的形式美，但更多的是同语言的内容美相关联。“造句”则主要同语言的形式美有关。

10. 4.1parallelism平行结构 • 4.1.1.1 词的平行排列(a series of words) • 如:He spent much of his life in the rich, lazy, corrupt Greek city of Corinth.

11. 4.1.1.2 短语的平行排列(a group of phrases) • 如:Knowing how to study and learning how to budget time are important for college students. (动名词短语平行，作主语）

12. 4.1.1.3 从句的平行排列(a row of clauses) • 如:My employer informed me that I would be sent to Hong Kong and that I should make arrangements to leave in about two weeks. (宾语从句平行)

13. 4.1.1.4句子的平行排列(a series of sentences) • 如:Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.

14. 4.2 impersonal subject sentence (非人称主语句) • 指非人称主语,后续一般为人称主语所使用的表示感觉、意识、情感或动作之类的动词谓语。通常折射一定生命内涵的动词被“挪用”于不具生命的主语（inanimate subject），因此，这样的句式就自然而然地抹上了拟人（personification）色彩。除了表达顿趋活泼之外，此句型新意拂面，结构严谨，言简意丰。

15. 1. Only the thought of his mother gave him the strength to go on doing it. 2. The want of his family had kept him from school, and he seemed to feel the loss. 1.他想起了母亲，才鼓足了勇气继续干下去。 2.他因家境贫寒失学，似乎感到了失学之苦。

16. 3. The new year is expected to see great changes. 4. Careful comparison of them will show you the differences. 3.在新的一年里，人们将看见巨大变革。 4.你只消仔细比较一下，就会发现不同。

17. 5. Courage deserted him. 6. The morning sun greeted us as we came out on deck. 5.他失去了勇气。 6.登上甲板，我们便见到了一轮旭日。

18. 4.2.3 impersonal subject sentence的常见主语 • 4.2.3.1 心理名词 • 如:四十岁的女人呢？揽镜自照，昔日光滑的额头已见依稀纹路，浓密的黑发也全没了光泽。哦，时光流逝太快，还没有很好地一览风光，怎么就已入了秋境呢？便觉得有三分怅惘，三分无奈。然而，思之又觉释然。

19. What has become of a woman at forty? The answer comes from the mirror, which shows up vaguely discernible wrinkles on the formerly smooth forehead and the thick black hair with its gloss gone. A touch of frustration and helplessness comes over me as I realize how time flies. Before I have sufficiently admired the scenery and enjoyed the beauties of life, it’s already autumn. However, a second thought brings me relieved calm.

20. 4.2.3.2 体貌名词 • 很少有人能品味皱纹背后那岁月与历史拂过的幽香。她们无须再用铅华刻意雕饰 • The furrows ploughed by time deny replenishment with cosmetics, for they are fertile soil radiating the fragrance of history.

21. 4.2.3.3 感觉名词 • 当一个女人突然之间意识到自己是一个女人并且为自己的性别感到自豪时，是女人最美的时候。 • A woman is never more beautiful when the full sense of being a female dawns on her and makes her very proud of the sex.

22. Warm-up activity Read the story on P2 and answer the questions

23. The structure of a paragraph Main idea Major supporting detail Minor supporting detail Minor supporting detail Major supporting detail Minor supporting detail

24. Major and Minor Supporting Details • Major details: Essential to understanding the main idea • Minor Details: Without them, understandable, but dull (boring), uninteresting

25. Paragraph 2 • Woolly: covered with wool • Stiff: not easily bent • Swift: quick • Antennae: antenna 触角、触须 • Seize: grab • Insect: 昆虫 • Motion: moving • Frame: （影片的）一个镜头 • Capture: take (sb/ sth) as a present • Stimulation: 刺激 • Merely: only • Limb: leg, arm or wing

26. Predestined: decided by fate Embracing: including Possess: own Deserve: to be entitled 应得 Peninsula: 半岛 Thrust: push suddenly Mass: 块、团 Variable: changeable Adequate: sufficient Convoluted: twisted 弯曲的 Inlet: 水湾（江河湖海伸入陆地货岛屿间的水域） Moderating: less Numerous: very many Navigable: suitable to sail Paragraph 4

27. Geographical advantages of Europe • Lies at the centre of Africo-Eurasian land mass • Faces towards the Americas • Ideal climate • Excellent harbors • Navigable rivers

28. Organizational Patterns of Supporting Details

29. Commonly used patterns of organizing supporting details • Chronological (Time) order • process • order of importance • cause and effect • comparison and contrast • simple listing • spatial development • definition

30. Group competition

31. Chronological (Time) Order First Second Etc. Soon Then Next Before Later Finally At last Afterwards Now When While During Meanwhile

32. Chronological (Time) Order At the same time At that point By the time After a while In the end before that Lastly At this moment Next time At once On another occasion Here Hitherto(至今) Until then Straightaway Previously

33. How to use hold and use chopsticks?

34. ·(First)Form a loose fist（拳头）with your thumb（拇指）facing up. • (Second) Slip the lower chopstick into the crux (the most vital part) of your hand and over the tip of your middle finger, with the narrow end of the chopstick jutting (stand out) about 5 inches beyond the tip of your finger. • (Then) Grip (take firm hold of) the upper chopstick something like a pencil between the thumb and forefinger (index finger食指). The tips of the chopsticks should be even (flat). • (Last) (To pick up food, move the top chopstick up and down with your index finger. The lower chopstick, held in place with your thumb, should remain stationary(not moving).

35. Process First Second Etc. Then Next After Before Last The most important . .

36. Order of importance First Second Etc. Next Last Most important Least Primary Less More Primarily Secondarily

37. Cause and Effect • One of the most common and wide-used pattern in English writing. • There are two ways of organizing a paragraph: a. From Effect to Cause b. From Cause to Effect

38. From Effect to Cause (Topic sentence ): When you begin to plan your career, you may find that your parents are interested and highly involved. Causes (Major supporting details): ● Some parents find in their children’s job selection a chance to make up for their own failure or their own lack of opportunity. ●Most parents intend to be helpful and prevent you from making mistakes.

39. From Cause to Effect ( Topic sentence ): More and more fertile land in China is taken by new amenities ( 生活福利设施), such as bowling alleys, sports stadiums, golf courses, etc. Effects: It would subsequently caused – the reduction of the grain output the reduction of natural resources increasing environmental problems too many farmers moving into the city

40. Cause & effect Reason Cause Effect Consequence Because So Therefore For this reason Since Consequently As a result Because of Thus Hence Owing to Due to Now that Then

41. Cause & effect An effect of Otherwise Yet Despite this All the same Accordingly Moreover Caused by In that case Still An outcome of So as Nevertheless However Stemmed (源于) from As a consequence of Though Even though An upshot (结果) of Under thecircumstances

42. Comparison / Contrast • Comparison shows the similarities. • Contrast shows thedifferences.

43. Two ways to organize the paragraph: a. Examine one thing thoroughly and then examine the other. ( Paragraph on P 9 ) Similarities between Grant and Lee: (a) family background (b) military experiences (c) position & fame (d) financial problems after the Civil War.

44. b. Examine two things at the same time, discussing them point by point. (Teachers and actors ) Teachers and Actors ( Comparison ) To be a good teacher, you need some of the gifts of a good actor: you must be able to hold the attention and interest of your audience; you must be a clear speaker, with a good, strong, pleasing voice which is fully under your control; and you must be able to act what you are teaching, in order to make its meaning clear.

45. Watch a good teacher, and you will see that he does not sit motionless before his class: he stands the whole time he is teaching; he walks about, using his arms, hands and fingers to help him in his explanations, and his face to express feelings. Listen to him, and you will hear the loudness, the quality and the musical note of his voice always changing according to what he is talking about.

46. ( Transitional Paragraph ) The fact that a good teacher has some of the gifts of a good actor doesn’t mean that he will indeed be able to act well on the stage, for there are very important differences between the teacher’s work and the actor’s.

47. ( Contrast ) The actor has to speak words which he has learnt by heart; he has to repeat exactlythe same words each time he plays a certain part, even his movements and the ways in which he uses his voice are usually fixed beforehand. What he has to do is to makeall these carefully learnt words and actions seem natural on the stage.

48. A good teacher works in quite a different way. His audience takes an active part in his play: they ask and answer questions, they obey orders, and if they don’t understand something, they say so. The teachertherefore has to suit his act to the needs of his audience, which is his class. He cannot learn his part by heart, but must invent it as he goes along.

49. I have known many teachers who were fine actors in class but were unable to take part in a stage-play because their brains wouldn’t keep discipline: they could not keep strictly to what another had written. Conclusion: A good teacher having some of the gifts of a good actor doesn’t mean that he will indeed be able to act well on the stage.

50. Comparison nevertheless(然而) differs from(不同) on the contrary Rather Elsewhere Instead on the other hand Also in that respect Alternatively in spite of this Whereas on the other hand in other respects