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ESJ Theory

ESJ Theory. International Step by Step Association. cycle of oppression. stereotypes. Thoughts + feelings. prejudices. Self-fullfiling prophecies. Action + power. Internalized oppression. discrimination. internalization. oppression. institutialization.

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ESJ Theory

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  1. ESJ Theory International Step by Step Association

  2. cycle of oppression stereotypes Thoughts + feelings prejudices Self-fullfiling prophecies Action + power Internalized oppression discrimination internalization oppression institutialization

  3. Researchas suggest that prejudices and stereotypes • are not limited to a few pathological or misguided individuals • They are outgrowths of normal human functioning, • all people are susceptible to one extent or another

  4. Homo Stereotypus animal predisposed to prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination, but with the capacity to overcome these biases ifmotivated to do so (Blair, 2002; Fiske, 2000; Monteith & Voils, 2001).

  5. Stereotypes are defined as • generalizations, • schematic and rigid perceptions attributed to the members of a certain group - transferred and applied rigidly to every single member of the given group.

  6. Stereotypes are also described as: • Irrational generalizations/etiquettes • Expression and rationalization of prejudices • Mental shortcutsapplied when people are busy or distracted (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991).

  7. Prejudices are defined as • specific types of attitudes characterized by a relatively permanent, subjective position toward certain entities • judgments that: - Are not based on factual or logical argumentation - Are resilient to change - Are characterized by a strong emotional component

  8. Prejudice is an attitude characterized by three basic components: • Cognitive (what we think, opinions) • Emotional (what we feel, and is related to our thinking) • Connotative(what we do as a result of our thinking and feelings

  9. The roots of prejudices and stereotypes

  10. Personality factors"authoritarianpersonality" • rigid thinkers • obey authority • see the world as black and white • enforce strict adherence to social rules and hierarchies • right-wing and social dominance orientation The Authoritarian Personality, Adorno(1950)

  11. Cognitive factorsThe Nature of Prejudice, Gordon Allport (1954) Categorical Thinking • Prejudice/stereotypesare partly an outgrowth of normal human functioning although they have emotional, social, economic, and historic dimensions • The human mind must think with the aid of cathegories • Categories are the basis for normal prejudgment.

  12. We need to keep in mind that Social categories form an indispensable part of human thought, but because attributes such as race, sex, and age lie along a continuum, social labels are never more than approximations.

  13. intriguing and important consequence of categorical thinking Assimilation and Contrast • tendency to distort perceptions • minimizing differences within categories ("assimilation") • exaggerating differences between categories ("contrast")

  14. It means that • differences within groups will tend to be minimized • differences between groups will tend to be exaggerated • Distortion is highly resistant to change

  15. DIE MODEL, Milton Benett D DISCRIMINATION potential I E D - description I - Interpretation E - Evaluation

  16. Social factors

  17. 1. Outgroup Homogeneityeffect • when it comes to attitudes, values, personality traits, and other characteristics, people tend to see outgroup members as more alike than ingroup members

  18. As a result • Outgroup members are at risk of being seen as interchangeable or expendable • ingroup appears to have a diverse assortment of individuals, and an outgroup appears relatively • The perception of sameness holds true regardless of whether the outgroup is another race, religion, nationality, college major, or other naturally occurring group (Linville, 1998)

  19. EXPLANATIONS • People usually have more contact with ingroup members • They tend to organize and recall information about ingroups in terms of persons rather than abstract characteristics (Ostrom, Carpenter, Sedikides, & Li, 1993; Park & Judd, 1990). • They are more motivated to make distinctions among ingroup members with whom they will have future contact

  20. Tajfel:the "minimal group procedure”an experimental technique • groups formed on the basis of almost any distinction(even on the basis of minimal information without knowing each other) are prone to ingroup bias. • people tend to see their own group as superior to other groups • they seek to maintain an advantage over other groups

  21. "implicit egotism" unconscious preference for things associated with the self-concept and identity (Pelham)

  22. 2. Causal Attributions • The way how ingroup and outgroup members explain each other's behavior • These explanations, are both a symptom and source of prejudice.

  23. people often make uncharitable attributions for the behavior of outgroup members

  24. They do this in at least three ways:

  25. a) Just-World Attribution in an Unjust World causal attributions implicitly follow a "just world" ideology that assumes people get what they deserve and deserve what they get (Lerner, 1980; Montada & Lerner, 1998).

  26. b) The Fundamental Attribution Error general tendency to attribute behavior to dispositional causes(Ross, 1977).

  27. c) The Ultimate Attribution Error • ingroup members • attribute negative outgroup behavior to dispositional causes (more than they would for identical ingroup behavior), • attribute positive outgroup behavior to one or more of the following causes: • a fluke or exceptional case, • luck or special advantage, • high motivation and effort, and • situational factors.

  28. RESULT makes it virtually impossible for outgroup members to break free of prejudice against them, because their positive actions are explained away while their failures and shortcomings are used against them.

  29. Motivational factors

  30. Research indicates when people experience a drop in self-esteem, they become more likely to express prejudice

  31. “Social identity theory,"Tajfel people maintain their self-esteem in part by identifying with groups and believing that the groups they belong to are better than other groups (Tajfel, 1981; Tajfel & Turner, 1986).

  32. Function of Stereotypes and Prejudices • Giving the meaning and understanding to the world around us • “fills out the emptiness”, • completes insufficient information • provides the feeling of certainty, predictability and clarity

  33. 2. Valuing the group we belong to "Ultimately, many forms of discrimination and bias may develop not because outgroups are hated, but because positive emotions such as admiration, sympathy, and trust are reserved for the ingroup." Marilyn Brewer (1999, p. 438)

  34. 3.Valuing other groups, their characteristics and their ways of functioning

  35. 4. Rationalizating discrimination against the members of other groups

  36. Process of Developing Stereotypes and Prejudices proceeds in three steps: • Creation of “discernible” categories • Creation of incorrect generalizations about the whole group • Behaving toward the members of a certain group in accordance with generalized views (discrimination).

  37. IMPORTANT • Awareness about the differences and process of categorization and generalization are natural cognitive processes • Developing a negative attitude/relation toward the ones who are different is not part of natural cognitive functioning

  38. Effects of Stereotypes and Prejudices

  39. Self-fulfilling Prophecies3 steps • An individual or entire group is labeled • We begin to behave in accordance with the label that was attributed. Our behavior could be very explicit or implicit • That individual/group begins to behave in accordance with the label which only asserts our original label and strengthens our opinion that all along we were right.

  40. The Mechanism “Blame the Victim” (Ryan, 1976) • Problem and the population stricken by it are defined • Value systems, culture and typical behaviors of the population with the problem and the one without it are compared, usually through stereotyping • Cause for the problem is placed within the differences between the population with problem and the one without it • Implementation of actions aimed at changing the “problem” population.

  41. This mechanism • place the root of social problems in the groups suffering instead of placing the root of these problems within a system that is oppressive in various ways and that creates unequal opportunities and possibilities for different groups.

  42. This mechanism • actually serves to reinforce the prejudices and rationalize discrimination, i.e. unequal treatment of different groups. • is often the very essence of many interventions aimed at vulnerable groups, like actions aimed at changing the characteristics of at risk groups rather than changing the circumstances causing these groups to be vulnerable and treated unequally.

  43. 1. Gossiping and stereotyping 2. Social distance 3. Discrimination 4. Physical attack 5. Genocide 5 steps from gossiping to genocide Olport

  44. What can we do trough ESJ?Starting points • Prejudices and stereotypes are thinking patterns that are acquired, and are explicitly or implicitly transmitted through the institutional system • While prejudices and stereotypes are typically learned passively, unlearning them must be done actively • Every one of us carries his/her own “baggage of stereotypes and prejudices” • Becoming aware of one’s own prejudices and stereotypes represents a necessary step in overcoming/eliminating them

  45. What can we do trough ESJ?Starting points • Observing objectively, which is quite different from interpreting and evaluating, is the first step forward • For the beginning, it is enough to abstain from acting in accordance with prejudices, to create the space for careful and objective observation of oneself and others.

  46. Deconstruction of DIE MODEL ASSUMPTIONS HYPOTHESIS D ASSUMPTIONS HYPOTHESIS I E ASSUMPTIONS HYPOTHESIS ASSUMPTIONS HYPOTHESIS

  47. Changing is always difficult and incremental Requires commitment

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