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VARIABLES

VARIABLES. and other things related to methodology. Variables . A variable is a trait that differs from one case to another. Traits that do not differ are called constants There are different type of variables Continuous Discrete Independent Dependent. Confounding .

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VARIABLES

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  1. VARIABLES and other things related to methodology

  2. Variables • A variable is a trait that differs from one case to another. • Traits that do not differ are called constants • There are different type of variables • Continuous • Discrete • Independent • Dependent

  3. Confounding • Confounding variables are conditions or traits which may or may not be known by the researcher that may taint or have an affect on the results. • Interveningvariables might be intelligence or motivation. • Organic variables are relatively permanent physical traits which cannot be easily changed such as eyesight, hearing, or coordination • Extraneous variables are temporary in nature such as fatigue, anxiety, distraction, discomfort, or excitement.

  4. Sources of Data • Data is information obtained from individuals, objects, or procedures. Data has primary and secondary sources. • Primary data is firsthand information • Physical objects, original reports, records, and eyewitness accounts. • Test scores, demographic records, attendance records • Secondary Data comes from reports or interpretations of primary data • Researchers always review the literature to see it they can find such related studies.

  5. Review of Literature Information found in a REVIEW OF LITERATURE is used for the following purposes: • To orient, guide, and define the limits of the study. • As secondary data possibly useful in the topic under investigation • As primary data in what are called meta-analytical studies which analyze numerous existing studies to draw conclusions.  Usually the review of literature provides only context and guidance for research. 

  6. Sources of Data • Participants • Procedures • Settings • Objects • Records • Documents • Informants

  7. Procedures Used to Collect Data • Verbal Description • Notation • Recording • Analysis • Objects • Relics • Documents • Procedures • Questioning • Survey • Interviews • Testing • Measurement

  8. Participants, Sample, Populations • Participants people • Samples (n) are groups of individuals selected from a larger population • Population (N) contains all the individuals within certain descriptive parameters.

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