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Scientific Method: Logic, Data, and Theories in Problem Solving

Explore the systematic process of problem-solving in science by observing, collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing predictions, and developing theories supported by data. Understand qualitative and quantitative observations, hypotheses, experimentation, and modeling to explain phenomena. Discover the significance of units of measurements and the utilization of SI units to express quantities accurately and effectively.

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Scientific Method: Logic, Data, and Theories in Problem Solving

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 2 2.1 and 2.2

  2. Scientific Method • A logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses, and formulating theories that are supported by data.

  3. Observations • Qualitatitive • Descriptive data • i.e. color, hot or cold, malleability, etc. • Quantitative • Numerical data • i.e. mass, temperature, time, density, etc. Observations of a System: specific part of matter in a given region that has been selected for study

  4. Hypotheses: testable statements • Scientists use their observations/collected data to find relationships or patterns • The hypothesis serves as a basis for making predictions (“if-then” statements) • Example: If plants are watered with a 10% detergent solution, their growth will be negatively affected.

  5. Testing/Experimentation • Use of controls and variables to test the predictions • Based on testing results, predictions are then confirmed, modified or discarded

  6. Modeling • Uses the data collected to explain your results • An explanation of how something occurs and HOW data or events are related • Visual, verbal, or mathematical • A successful model may become part of a theory • THEORY = a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena

  7. Units of Measurements • Measurements represent quantities (have size, magnitude, amount) • Example: teaspoon represents volume inch represents length • To express measurements, scientists use SI units • Standardized single measurement system • Base Units: 7 base units (yellow paper) • Prefixes = these are added to SI base units to indicate larger or smaller quantities • 1 cm = centi-meter = 10-2 meters = 1/100th meter • Derived Units = combined SI units form derived units • Area = lenthx width = mxm = m2 • Density = mass/volume = g/mL or g/cm3 • Molar mass = mass/amount of substance = g/mol

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