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AP World History: Athens and Sparta. Period Two : Classical Civilizations *See your handout. NY State Standards 2, 3 Common Core Standards RS 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, WS 1, LSS 1, 2, 3. I Rise of the Greek City-States.
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AP World History: Athens and Sparta Period Two : Classical Civilizations *See your handout NY State Standards 2, 3 Common Core Standards RS 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, WS 1, LSS 1, 2, 3
I Rise of the Greek City-States • After the fall of the Mycenaean civilization, Greek civilization fell into a dark age. Literacy disappeared. • People sought protection by an acropolis (large hill). • By the 8th century BCE, Greek city-states (poli) began to emerge. They remained mostly isolated due to Greece’s rugged mountains. • Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet.
II Athens A) Athens, a Greek polis (city-state) was located in Attica, north of the Peloponnesus B) On hilltop was the acropolis with marble temples for Gods. C) On flatter ground was the walled city with the agora(marketplace), theatre, public buildings and homes.
D) Athenian Government SEE THE HANDOUT "Our constitution does not copy the laws of neighboring states... Its administration favors the many instead of the few; this is why it is called a democracy…” – Pericles Funeral Oration, 5th century BCE
3 Pillars of Athenian Government Only males who owned property and who had completed military training were considered to be citizens.
E) All citizens had to serve in the Athenian army for 2 years. The Athenian army used the phalanx: massive form of heavily armed foot soldiers. A phalanx was like a human tank. Each individual soldier was called a hoplite.
Athenian Trireme F) Athens had a strong navy, due to being close to the Mediterranean Sea.
G) Athenian boys studied the arts, science, philosophy, music and rhetoric (the art of public speaking). Because books were rare, students had to memorize and be able to recite almost everything that they learned.
E) Athenian women were mostly kept indoors, and had a similar status to slaves. Most were not educated, and needed permission from a male guardian to do almost anything.
III Sparta A) By the 8th century BCE, the Spartans (descended from the Dorians) had conquered the Peloponnesus. They turned the conquered people into helots(state owned slaves). They often outnumbered the Spartan soldiers 7 to 1! The helots did all of the farming and manual work.
B) Spartan Government was led by 2 kings. Additionally, there was a council of elders and a general assembly. However, the real power was held by an oligarchy, and most political decisions were done in secret.
C) At birth children were inspected by the elders. If the child was deemed “unfit”, the child was left outside to die. Seven year old boys moved to barracks to become soldiers.
Primary Source: Xenophon “On the Polity of the Spartans” 428 – 354 BCE) Instead of softening their feet with shoe or sandal, [the military trainer’s] rule was to make [the boys]…hardy through going barefoot…his rule was to habituate them to a single garment the whole year through, thinking that so they would be better prepared to withstand the variations of heat and cold. Again, as regards food… the …head of the flock, must see that his messmates gather to the club meal with such moderate food as to … not remain unacquainted with the pains of starvation… On the other hand, to guard against a too great pinch of starvation, he did give them permission to steal this thing or that in the effort to alleviate their hunger.
D) During military training, the boys were given a single set of clothing for the entire year. They slept on straw and were encouraged to steal; they only got punished if they were caught! At night, the boys were encouraged to hunt and kill helots (Spartan slaves). At the age of 20 they could marry, but they were not allowed to see their wives during the day until they were 30 years old! What was the purpose behind these rules?
The Spartan Army Like Athens, the Spartan soldiers were called hoplites. Also like Athens, they formed a phalanx during battle. Unlike Athens, Sparta did not have a strong navy (they were located more inland).
E) Unlike in Athens, the Spartan government ensured the education in reading, writing and athletics for girls. Women were allowed to own property, and allowed many freedoms, so they could protect the family’s home while the men were away at war.
What do you think a “Spartan lifestyle” means today? “Spartans are willing to die for their city because they have no reason to live.” Rare example of Spartan art
Key Vocabulary • Dark Age • Polis/Poli • Acropolis • Agora • Athens • Sparta • Phoenician alphabet • Attica • Peloponnesus • Solon • Democracy • Council of 500 • Athenian Assembly • Trireme • Helots
