Ch. 30: Revolution and Nationalism

1. Ch. 30: Revolution and Nationalism Sec. 1: Revolutions in Russia

2. History • - Although the Russian Revolution didn’t happen until 1917, it had been in the works for nearly 100 years. Russians were fed up the harsh rule and extravagance of the czars • Czar Alexander III – Became czar in 1881. He was an autocrat

3. History • Autocrat – One person has total power • - Questioning the czar, worshipping outside the Russian Orthodox Church, or speaking a language other than Russian could be cause for arrest. • - He had secret police spy on nearly every citizen

4. History • - He made Jews a target for persecution. As pogroms broke out, police stood by and watched Russian citizens loot and destroy Jewish homes and burn synagogues

5. Nicholas • Nicholas II (Romanov) – Became czar and continued the autocratic policy. • - Some changes in Russia were positive:

6. Positive • - Industrialization began but was still far behind Western Europe and the US • - By 1900 Russia was the world’s 4th largest steel producer • - The trans-Siberian railway was completed in 1916 (it took 25 years!). It connected Western Russia (in Europe) with Eastern Russia (on the Pacific Rim)

7. Trans-Siberian Railway

8. Problems • - Factories brought many of the same problems Great Britain and the US had experienced earlier: • - low wages • - long hours • - terrible working conditions • - child labor

9. Marx • - These conditions led to the rise of revolutionary groups, particularly a group that followed the views of Karl Marx • - Marxists believed that the workers would overthrow the czar and form a “dictatorship of the proletariat

10. Workers • Proletariat – workers • Bolsheviks – A Marxist party that gained many followers

11. Lenin • V.I. Lenin – Became the leader of the Bolshevik Party. He was an excellent organizer and he was also ruthless. • - Lenin was planning a revolution to overthrow the czar who he saw as weak.

12. Czar’s weaknesses • 1. Russo Japanese War (1904) – after a series of humiliating defeats, Russia asked Japan for peace but didn’t officially surrender • 2. Bloody Sunday: The Revolution of 1905 – Workers demonstrating at the czar’s winter palace for better working conditions were fired on by the czar’s troops. Several hundred were killed

13. Weaknesses • 3. WWI – Czar Nicholas committed Russia to war even though they were overmatched by the Germans. 4 million Russians were killed, wounded, or taken prisoner in the first year of the war • - In 1915 Czar Nicholas went to the front to encourage Russian troops. He left his wife Alexandra to govern

14. Rasputin • Rasputin – A self-described “Holy man” who had influence over Alexandra. He made many of the political decisions. • - In 1916 a group of nobles murdered Rasputin fearing his increasing role in government

15. Change • - On the war front, soldier mutinied or ignored orders • - At home, food and fuel were in short supply and prices were very high • - People from all classes wanted change and an end to the war

16. The end of the czar • March 1917 – A general uprising led Czar Nicholas to abdicate the thrown. A year later he was executed with his family ending 300 years of Romanov rule • Abdicate – to give up power • - The Russians tried to set up a government but there was much disagreement and chaos • November 1917 – The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, took control but he had a lot of opposition

17. Lenin • - Lenin gave the farm land to the peasants and control of the factories to the workers • - He also got out of the Great War and signed a treaty with Germany • - He was not widely supported and from 1918-1920 civil war raged • - In the end, the Bolsheviks were able to keep power and defeat its enemies

18. Communist Party • - After the war the Russian economy was severely damaged. It took several years, but by 1928 Russia was back to pre-war out put • Communist Party – The new name for the Bolshevik Party. It was to be a classless system

19. Stalin • 1922 – Lenin suffered a stroke. This set off a competition for his successor • Joseph Stalin – Became the new head of the Communist Party • - He was a cold, hard, impersonal man • Stalin – In Russian means “Man of Steel.” • - He would be a ruthless dictator for 30 years

20. Sec. 2: Totalitarianism

21. Stuff • - Stalin sought to make Russia (in 1922 it was renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or USSR) a world power politically and economically. He also wanted to establish total control of life in the Soviet Union • Totalitarianism – A government that takes total, centralized, state control over every aspect of life • - A totalitarian leader typically uses secret police to crush opposition. No one is safe from suspicion. It creates a sense of fear among people

22. Totalitarianism • - Totalitarianism challenges western values such as reason, freedom, human dignity, and the worth of the individual • - To control people it relies on terror, indoctrination, propaganda, censorship, and ethnic and religious persecution

23. propaganda

24. Stalin • Case Study: Stalin Builds a Communist State – p. 876-877

25. Stalin • - Stalin began to make plans to overhaul and gain total control of the economy • - He felt Russia was 50 – 100 years behind advanced countries and he wanted to make that distance up in 10 years.

26. Command • Command System – A system in which the government makes all economic decisions • Demand System – The consumers make economic decisions based on their purchases

27. Production • Five Year Plans – Stalin set up several of these to develop the economy. He set impossibly high quotas on production of oil, coal, steel, and electricity • - To reach his goals, government limited production of consumer goods which created shortages of food, clothing, housing, etc • - Although the plans fell short of the goals, the increased productivity was impressive

28. Collective Farms • - Stalin seized over 25 million privately owned farms • Collective farms – Large government owned farms • - Hundreds of families worked on the collectives producing food for the state

29. Collective farm propaganda

30. Farmers • - Wealthy land-owning peasants resisted the government taking their land. As a result, many were imprisoned or killed. 5 – 10 million peasants died • - At first, farm production increased, but collectives failed in the long run

31. State farms • - In areas where farming was more difficult, the government set up state farms • State Farm- A large farm where workers are paid a wage instead of a share in the profits

32. Women • - The role of women increased under Stalin • - Women worked on farms and in factories and did many traditionally male jobs • - Women were also allowed to get an education which led to better paying jobs, but they were still paid less than men

33. USSR • - By the mid-1930’s Stalin had created a totalitarian regime • - The USSR was a political and industrial power • - The cost to the people was no free speech, no individuality, and complete social control and rule by terror

34. Sec. 3: Imperial China Collapses

35. History • - In the early 1900’s China was in chaos. The Chinese had little control over their own trade and economy. Many Chinese were torn between modernization and maintaining old traditions. • Nationalist Party – Wanted to reform China and modernize. In 1912, they took control of the country.

36. Sun-Yat-Sen • Sun-Yat-Sen(Yixian) – He would be the Nationalist leader of China. He hoped to establish a modern government based on 3 principles

37. 3 Principles • 1. Nationalism – End foreign control • 2. People’s rights – Democracy • 3. People’s livelihood – Economic security for all Chinese • - Sun was unable to control all of China as several regions were controlled by warlords

38. Warlord • Warlord – a local leader with a strong military

39. May 4 • May Fourth Movement – This was a demonstration against the Treaty of Versailles. Since China fought with the allies, they felt they would get their territories back that had been colonized by Germany. These territories were given to Japan instead

40. Mao • - This caused some to lose faith in Sun and support Lenin style communism • 1921 – The Chinese Communist Party is formed • Mao Zedong (Mao-Tse-Tung) – Leader of China’s communist party

41. Stuff • He felt a revolution should begin with the peasants • Read primary source p. 884 • 1925 – Sun dies

42. ChaingkaiShek • ChaingkaiShek (Jiang Jieshi) – Became the leader of the Nationalist Party • - He promised democracy but didn’t deliver. This caused the peasants to support Mao and the communists

43. war • Chaing did not want China to be a communist country so he went to war with the communists • - Chaing organized and army of 700,000 men and surrounded the communist stronghold in the mountains of central China • - Fearing defeat, 100,000 communists fled. The journey was hazardous and covered 6,000 miles. • - Thousands of communists died along the way as a result of starvation, disease, Nationalist attacks, and exposure

44. Long March • Long March – What history calls this journey • - Mao and 8,000 of his followers survived the Long March and settled in northwest China where they built a new following

45. Opportunistic Japanese • - The civil war in China proved to be good for Japan. The Japanese took advantage of a weakened China to attack and take over much of China (1938) • - Soon the Nationalists and the Communists stopped fighting with each other so they could concentrate on fighting the Japanese

46. Sec. 4: Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia

47. History • - Southwest Asia is often referred to as the Middle East • - When the Ottoman Empire collapsed following WWI, feelings of nationalism started to grow in other colonized nations. India increased its demands on Great Britain for independence • - Two groups formed in India to push for independence:

48. India • 1. The Indian National Congress – primarily Hindu – formed in 1885 • 2. The Muslim League – formed in 1906

49. India • - The Hindus and Muslims in India did not get along at all, but they had a common goal in their desire for independence • - Over a million Indians fought with Great Britain in WWI in exchange for greater freedoms, eventually leading to independence • - This did not happen. In fact, the British began to jail protesters

50. Amritsar Massacre • Amritsar Massacre – British troops open fire on thousands of protesters killing 400 and wounding 1200 • - This outraged many and increased demands for independence