Chapter 14 Revolution and Nationalism

Chapter 14Revolution and Nationalism Section 1 Revolutions In Russia

I. Czars Resist ChangeA.Czars Continue Autocratic Rule • Cruel and oppressive rule for most of the 19th century caused widespread social unrest for decades • Alexander III succeeded his father Alexander II and halted all reforms and like his grandfather Nicholas I, Alex III believed in autocracy, a form of govt. in which he had total power

I. Czars Resist ChangeA.Czars Continue Autocratic Rule 3. He imposed censorship on all written documents, secrete police watched schools and universities, &sent political prisoners to Siberia 4. Made Russian the official language and persecuted the Jews 5. Nicholas II continued his fathers rule of autocracy

II. Russia IndustrializesA. Industrialization of Russia • The number of factories doubled between 1863 to 1900 • By 1900 Russia was the #4 producer of steel • The Trans Siberian Railway connected European Russia with Russian ports in the east Pacific Ocean

II. Russia IndustrializesB. Revolutionary Movement Grows • Just like in Europe workers were forced to live and work under grueling conditions with low pay, outlawed unions, and a low standard of living • A revolutionary movement spurned by the beliefs of Karl Marx were established

II. Russia IndustrializesB. Revolutionary Movement Grows 3. They believed in the idea of the proletariat- the workers would rule the country 4. They broke up into two groups- the moderate Mensheviks and the more radical Bosheviks

II. Russia IndustrializesB. Revolutionary Movement Grows 5. The leader of the Bosheviks Vladimir ILyich also known as Lenin • To avoid arrest he fled Russia but remained in contact until he could safely return

III. Crisis at Home and AbroadA. Russo-Japanese War • Russia and Japan competed for control of Korea and Manchuria • Japan attacked Russia’s Port Arthur after the Russians broke their peace agreement; Russia suffered military defeats leading to revolt back home

B. Bloody Sunday: The Revolution of 1905 • January 22, 1905 Nicholas II’s Generals fire on protestors wounding a 1000 and killing several hundred • This provoked violent protests forcing Nicholas II to promise more freedom by creating the Duma –Russia’s first parliament-copying Britain’s Constitutional monarchy; Nicholas dissolves the Duma 10 weeks later

C. World War I: The Final Blow • Entering the war was the final factor that would lead to the end of the Czar’s rule in Russia • Weak generals, poorly equipped soldiers, economic costs and the death of 4 million Russians in the first year lead to the downfall

C. World War I: The Final Blow 3. Nicholas II moved to the Eastern front to inspire his troops leaving his wife Czarina Alexandra to rule. • She ignored the czar’s chief advisors listening only to Rasputin a self described “holy man”

C. World War I: The Final Blow 5. Rasputin was murdered in 1916 because people feared his increasing power in govt. 6. On the war front men mutinied, deserted, or ignored orders while the citizens dealt with inflation, food and fuel supplies dwindling

IV. The March RevolutionA. The Czar Steps Down • Local protests exploded forcing the Czar Nicholas II to abdicate his thrown and a year later Nick and his family were executed • The Duma established a provisional government- or temporary govt. headed by Alexander Kerensky and his decision to continue World War I cost him support

IV. The March RevolutionA. The Czar Steps Down • Unhappy citizens formed groups called Soviets which were local councils consisting of workers, peasants, and soldier

B. Lenin Returns to Russia • The Germans arrange Lenin and his Bolshevik’s to return to create unrest and hurt the war effort

V. The Bolshevik RevolutionA. The Provisional Govt. Topples • The Bolshevik Red Guards stormed Winter Palace in Petrograd ending Kerensky and his colleagues of their short rule

B. Bolsheviks in Power • Lenin orders all farmland be distributed among the peasants, gave control of factories to the workers, and signed a truce, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany ending WWI for Russia • The humiliating terms of the treaty angered many Russians who also objected the Bolsheviks policies and to the murder of the royal family

C. Civil War Rages in Russia • The White Army is created to oppose the Bolsheviks who are called the Red Army led by Leon Trotsky • The Red Army defeats the White Army even though they were given support by Western governments like the U.S.

Chapter 14 Revolution and Nationalism