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Chapter 5

Chapter 5. Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexually Related Diseases (part 2 of 2). HIV Infection and AIDS. Terms to Review Immune System AIDS HIV. Progression of HIV Infection. Primary HIV infection Asymptomatic HIV infection. Symptomatic HIV Infection.

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Chapter 5

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  1. Chapter 5 Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexually Related Diseases (part 2 of 2)

  2. HIV Infection and AIDS Terms to Review Immune System AIDS HIV

  3. Progression of HIV Infection Primary HIV infection Asymptomatic HIV infection

  4. Symptomatic HIV Infection Healthy person has 1000 – 1200 CD4+ cells per cubic millimeter of blood When level falls below 500, symptoms generally appear

  5. From HIV to an AIDS Diagnosis AIDS diagnosis Weakened immune system leads to wide variety of opportunistic infections

  6. Long-term Nonprogressors Some people progress to AIDS quickly, but others do not Related factors include: • Already weakened immune system • Early, effective medical treatment • Subtype (strain) of HIV • Viral load

  7. Where and When did HIV Originate? Conspiracy theories not supported Many forms of SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus exist in several monkeys) HIV-1 likely came from chimpanzees

  8. How HIV is NOT spread! HIV is NOT spread by mosquitoes or caregivers…

  9. How is HIV spread? Three primary means: Sexual contact with infected person Exposure to infected blood Mother to infant during birth or breast feeding

  10. Why is sex risky?

  11. How about oral sex and kissing? Oral-genital sex is far less risky than vaginal or anal intercourse, partially because of inhibiting substances in saliva Kissing is almost always safe

  12. Donating your blood is 100% safe!

  13. Who has HIV/AIDS? • 90% of persons infected with HIV live in developing nations • 28 million people have already died from AIDS worldwide

  14. HIV/AIDS in the United States In 2005 there were 40,608 new cases of AIDS Although HIV rates continue to climb, new cases of AIDs are down due to new drug therapies

  15. A Gay Man’s Disease? HIV/AIDS spread rapidly within promiscuous subset of U.S. gay male population before disease was known Worldwide, largest proportion of new HIV infections is acquired by male-female sex Today disproportionate number of new AIDS cases among African Americans and Latinos

  16. AIDS in Africa: A Look into the Future?

  17. The Human Side of AIDS Personal tragedy for family, friends, and family Progression from HIV to AIDS speeded by stressful life events Productive lives for years after being diagnosed possible for some Hope and positive support important

  18. Testing for HIV Very expensive Measure antibodies to HIV Available at rapid results testing sites Urine and saliva tests now available

  19. Treatment for HIV/AIDS: Hope and Limitations Antiretroviral drugs Fusion inhibitor drugs DAPY Combination drugs Often devastating side effects

  20. No Cure in Sight Greatest hope for patients who begin antiretroviral drug cocktail shortly after becoming infected 30 vaccines are being tested in humans

  21. Public Reactions to AIDS AIDS stigma Failure to reveal infection State anti-discrimination laws

  22. Personal Reflections What do you do to protect yourself from sexually transmitted infections? Now that you have learned more about STIs, what changes in your sexual life do you plan to make to better protect yourself?

  23. Parasitic Infestations Pubic Lice, or “crabs” Attach to pubic hair and feed on blood Cause intense itching Spread by skin-to-skin contact

  24. Getting Rid of the Little Buggers

  25. Scabies Pearly-white itch mites Burrow under skin Common in crowded conditions Sexual contact is not necessary Treated with medicated soap from pharmacist

  26. Pinworms Small worms Live in large intestine Generally transmitted through nonsexual contact with the worms’ eggs Can be transmitted sexually by manual or oral contact with the anus of infected person Requires medical attention

  27. Other Infections Trichomoniasis Moniliasis or Candidiasis = “Yeast” Bacterial Vaginosis

  28. Sometimes Only a Doctor Can Tell the Difference Trichomoniasis Yeast Infection

  29. Cystitis and Prostatitis Cystitis: bladder and urethra infection often caused by bacterium Escherichia coli Prostatitis: prostate infection caused by above bacteria • Honeymoon cystitis • Interstitial cystitis

  30. Practicing Safer SexHow are you going to avoid all of those STIs? 100% safe = no sex

  31. Practicing Safer Sex How are you going to avoid all of those STIs? “Safer Sex”: Practicing behaviors that minimize chances of contracting an STI Mutually faithful, long-term monogamy Trust and honesty Consistent and careful condom use

  32. Impediments to Practicing Safe Sex

  33. Personal Reflections Do you and your partner discuss safe sex? Why or why not?

  34. What to Do and Where to Go if You Have an STI

  35. Positive Sexuality in the Era of AIDS Remember: Many behaviors, including sex, have risks Sex itself does not cause these infections Take a few seconds to protect yourself AIDS does not strike randomly

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