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Roads to Revolution: Triumph of British Empire

Explore the series of wars and key events from King William's rule to the First Continental Congress, leading to the American Revolution. Discover the consequences, resistance movements, and important figures involved during this pivotal period in history.

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Roads to Revolution: Triumph of British Empire

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  1. Roads to Revolution Chapter 5

  2. Triumph of British Empire • Series of 4 Wars • King William’s (1689-97) • Queen Anne’s (1702-13) • King George’s (1744-48) • Consequences: • Battle for power between Britain/France remains • No real winners in wars • Battle of Louisburg angers Colonists • During KG’s War • Relationship changes • Reliance on British • Animosity

  3. Seven Years War (1754-1760) • French fortification 1753 • Ohio River Valley • George Washington 1754 • Fort Necessity = embarrassment • Albany Congress • Albany Plan on Union • 24 delegates • Franklin/Hutchinson proposal • General Braddock/ Fort Duquesne • Disaster • 1,000 British ambushed • Britain’s shortcomings • Lacked adequate troops and supplies • Tide turns for Britain 1757 • Iroquois Treaty (1758) • William Pitt • New Prime Minister • Rallies Colonists for the cause • Surrender of Montreal 1760 • War in Europe continues • Treaty of Paris 1763 • Reorganized map of Colonial America • Consequences • Britain supreme naval power • Britain in MASSIVE debt • Dual identity

  4. Imperial Revenues and Reorganization 1760-1766 • Friction among Allies 1760-1763 • Reimbursement of Colonies a problem • Increased Native conflict • Pontiac’s Rebellion 1763 • Proclamation of 1763 • 10,000 British troops remain • Writs of Assistance 1760-1761 • Anger over smuggling • Prior and during war • 1760- writ of assistance • Search and seizure • James Otis • Lawyer for Colonists • Rights of an Englishman • “beyond which if Parliament go, their Acts bind not”

  5. Acts • Sugar Act 1764 • Stamp Act 1765 • Declaratory Act 1766 • Quartering Act 1766-1767 • Townshend Duties 1767 • Tea Act 1773 • Coercive Acts 1774 • Responses • VA Resolves (Stamp Act) 1765 • Loyal Nine 1765 • Sons/Daughters of Liberty 1765 • Stamp Act Congress 1765 • Letters from a PA Farmer 1767 • John Wilkes (England) 1768 • Christian Sparta • Boston Massacre 1770 • Committees of Correspondence 1772 • Boston Tea Party 1773 • First Continental Congress 1774 • 2nd Continental Congress 1775

  6. Sugar Act

  7. Stamp Act

  8. Resistance • Virginia Resolves • Patrick Henry • Urged House of Burgesses to deny tax • Only four passed: • Virginians were same as British should have same rights • VA taxes through House of Burgesses • VA alone had right to tax • Denied legitimacy of tax law outside US • Anyone that disagreed = the enemy • Loyal Nine • Middle class • Tried to get stamp distributors to resign • Sons of Liberty • Sam Adams, John Hancock, Ebenezer Mackintosh • Daughters of Liberty too • Stamp Act Congress • Oct 17, 1765 • Reps from 9 colonies • 27 delegates total • Agree Parliament lacked authority to tax outside Britain • Resembled VA resolves

  9. Declaratory Act • "The Repeal or the Funeral Procession of Miss America-Stamp": A satiric cartoon commemorating the repeal of the Stamp Act, c. 1766. Illustration courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. (larger version)

  10. Quartering Act

  11. Resistance continues • New PM in England • Charles Townschend • Colonial resistance • NY, refused to enforce • Led to Anti-colonists sentiment in House of Commons • Consequence: • NY suspending act • NY backed down

  12. Townshend Acts

  13. Colonists Reaction • John Dickinson • “Letters from a PA Farmer” • No right to tax for single purpose of raising revenue • Circular Letter • 1768 written by Sam Adams • Condemned taxation w/out rep • Advocated no illegal activities • Mass legislation adopted letters • British response • Over-reacts • Royal governors dissolve letter • Townschend creates American Board of Customs Commissioners 1767 • Raised number of port officials • $ for secret informers • “Liberty” incident June 1768 • Sons of Liberty • Reorganize • “Save your $, Save your country” campaign • Nonimportation agreement = boycott • John Wilkes • In England • Denounces KGIII • Ran for Parliament • Woman resistance • Sarah Osborn • Religious activist • Starts Daughters of Liberty • Key role in nonconsumption movvement

  14. Boston Massacre • Feb 22, 1770 • Townschend Acts eliminated • Except Tea • New British PM • Committees of Correspondence • Sam Adams in charge • 1st attempt at wide political cooperation • Gaspee Affair

  15. Tea Act

  16. “The die is cast” - KGIII

  17. Coercive Acts

  18. 1st Continental Congress • Response to Coercive Acts • Sept 5, 1774 – Philadelphia • Convention: • 56 delegates • Suffolk resolves • Voted to boycott all British goods and cease exports • Sent petition to KGIII • 1775 KGIII declares colonies in rebellion • Important People: • Patrick Henry, Sam and John Adams, George Washington, John Dickinson, John Jay

  19. Shot heard around the world • April 1775 • General Gage ordered to quell “rabble” and arrest patriot leaders • 700 troops send to seize arms and ammunition at Concord • First shots fired • 2nd Continental Congress • “Olive Branch Petition” • Written by George Dickerson • Cease-fire at Boston • Repeal coercive acts • Establish/negotiate colonists’ rights • Continental Army established • GW leader • British troops attack • Boston • Bunker Hill, Breed’s Hill

  20. “Common Sense” • Jan. 1776 Thomas Paine publishes “Common Sense” • Argues: • Not “common sense” for a large continent to be ruled by a distant island • States needed to break away and become independent • No economic need for Britain • Monarchy dangerous to liberty • Incredibly influential

  21. Declaring Independence • 2nd Continental Congress • June 7th • Richard Henry Lee proposes independence • July 2nd • United States of America created • July 4th • Adopted by Congress • What it included • Followed England’s Bill of Rights • 27 grievances with KGIII • Authors • Thomas Jefferson * • John Adams • Ben Franklin

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